Love and Sacrifice

Love and Sacrifice Making sacrifices for love and saving love by doing sacrifices can be very difficult. But not for Della and Jim. They would do anything for love. They were poor but they still did anything they could do for each other. They sacrificed their most valuable and prized possessions for each other. Now that’s what I call love. â€Å"Sacrifice is a part of life. It’s supposed to be. It’s not something to regret. It’s something to aspire to. (Mitch Albom) Both Della and Jim sacrifice something they love deeply for an even deeper love, each other. Della sacrificed her hair and would have â€Å"mocked it at her Majesty’s jewels and gifts† (Henry, 99) if she could, it was that valuable to her.But she loved her husband so much she gave her hair up just for him. On the other hand, Jim had a family watch that was so precious to him that if â€Å"King Solomon been a janitor †¦ Jim would have pulled out his watch every time he passe d †¦ to see him [King Solomon] pluck his beard from envy. (Henry, 99) Della and Jim loved each other so much they gave up their most beloved items. â€Å"Love is composed of a single soul inhabiting two bodies. † (Aristotle) Della loved Jim so much that when she sold her hair for twenty dollars â€Å"she was ransacking the stores for Jim’s present. † (Henry, 99) She wanted to find the perfect gift for him, so she sold her most prized possession to buy a gold chain for his valuable watch face.Also Della said a very romantic thing to Jim showing how much she loved him. You needn’t look for it [Della’s hair] †¦ it’s sold, I tell you – sold and gone too †¦ Be good to me, for it went for you. † (Henry, 101) When Della said this to Jim it showed how much she really sacrificed her hair just for his love. You don’t need money for love you need to sacrifice. Della and Jim are poor but very in love. So in love, which they gave up their favorite possessions for each other. That is amazing to do something that hard for someone else. That really shows what people will do for love.

Implications of Public Display of Affection Essay

II. Definition of PDA â€Å"Public Display of Affection or PDA as they are called, is the act of two people indulging in an intimate act in public.† [] It is an act that is mostly objectionable to the public. Today, Public Display of Affection is something that most couples indulge in the beginning of their days of physical exploration and discovery. â€Å"PDA is the physical demonstration of affection for another person while in the view of others. Holding hands or kissing in public are commonly considered to be unobjectionable forms of public displays of affection; however, what is considered objectionable depends on the context and social norms. For example, in places such as bars, nightclubs, and strip clubs, more extreme forms of public displays of affection are rarely considered to be objectionable.† [] â€Å"Public display of affection depends on the decision of the couple. Individual and societal views on Public Display of affection vary significantly. Such displays may sometimes be considered to be in bad taste, while in some jurisdictions such displays may even be criminal. Depending on the social values and context, extreme forms of public displays of affection may be considered indecent exposure.† [] Affection is an important part of any relationship. It makes a person feel warm inside when someone of his resemblance or even love lets the person know how he or she feels. This feeling is best expressed behind closed doors. Kisses and physical connection are the tools people use to display their affection. These tools will effectively free their feelings and allow themselves to be close. A. Social views Public display of affection affects people in different ways and one should be mindful of the feelings that can be elicited by ‘carrying on’ in public. When a couple is feeling passionate they may be oblivious to the presence of people around them, but they may accidentally hurt someone. Someone who has just lost a loved one may find their public display of affection heartbreaking; a reminder of someone they can no longer kiss. Someone who has ended a relationship may find it agonizing as a reminder of the one that had gone away. Older people may find it annoying as their generation was more modest and saved serious affection for times when the intimacy could be carried further than just holding hands and kissing. Single people and lonely people will feel similarly as it will remind them of the fact that they are alone. A consideration of the kind of people around the place will save everyone from feelings of resentment or in some cases, embarrassment. We find that the heart of PDA is intolerance and insecurity. In conversations with people about why such sights bother them – or don’t bother them – jealousy is an interesting common factor. Those who are in relationships themselves are rarely bothered by other’s exhibitions of affection, even if they preferred to show their love in private. However, those who are not, especially those who have recently had a break-up, are morbidly horrified by any sight of love between other people. Although holding hands is considered sweet by most people, it is rarely considered acceptable to openly kiss someone passionately in public because it is not polite, and going further than that is illegal and a crime in some places especially in conservative countries like India. B. Psychological views Public Display of Affection (PDA) can either be approved or disapproved. A person’s perspective might be different from someone else’s view on PDA. As our society tends to do what we think other people approve of or disapprove of, for example, an aggressive couple stopped their behavior because it was not approved. Injunctive norms can make a major impact in someone’s behavior and change that certain behavior to create a positive behavioral change. Certain public displays of affection are appropriate in some places than others. For example, in a club more people are likely to see couples showing their affection, in contrast to family-style restaurants. This makes us think that people doing PDA become aggressive and in emotional outburst everytime they are with their partner. Also, the way that people think of PDA differs from each other and their views of doing it also differs from one another, regarding the civil status. III. Causes of PDA Public display of affection or PDA has pros and cons depending on where society one belongs or what culture one is in. Public display of affection may mean that one is proud of the other, but may not be acceptable to society. It may also mean that one is truly in love with the other or one has nothing to hide. He/she may have no fear of being caught by someone else. Public display of affection may convey bad meanings and not good for children to see. They might consider this act as normal and can be done by just anybody. A. Affection on either boyfriend or girlfriend : true love The love practiced by couples through PDA (Public Display of Affection) is merely a factual understanding between couples. It is biologically and psychologically necessary for lovers to express their feeling on their partner the way they are suited to. True love is an urge between a single couple and as long as it necessary, couples must express it to show the partner how much he/she loves this person. That way, the partner would feel that he/she is very special to that someone. But then, expression of true love through PDA must have its limitations. Though expressing love in public is an acceptable fact in our society, partners must realize that displaying their affection in public can cause other people to think of bad remarks about it. â€Å"Love has intrigued people throughout history. Its joys and sorrows have inspired different students of human interaction. Indeed, love is one of the pervasive themes in the art and literature of many cultures. Each of our own lives has been influenced in significant ways by love, beginning with the love we receive as infants and children. Our best and worst moments in life can be tied to a love relationship.† [] According to psychologist Robert Sternberg, there are three components of love using the triangular theory of love: intimacy, passion, and commitment. Different combinations of these three components result in different types of love. For example, a combination of intimacy and commitment results in compassionate love, while a combination of passion and intimacy leads to passionate love. These three components are seen in various combinations to evidence different types of love. According to Sternberg, there are eight types of love formed through the various combinations of the three components of love, they are: Non-love, Liking, Infatuation, Empty Love, Romantic Love, Companionate Love, Fatuous Love, and Consummate Love. The theory characterizes love within the context of interpersonal relationships. 1. Components of love According to Sternberg, the three basic love components differ with respect to a number of properties, including stability and conscious controllability. For example, the intimacy and decision/commitment components are usually fairly stable in close relationships. Once we develop feelings of intimacy for someone and become committed to the relationship we have with that person, these features tend to endure over time. The passion component, however, tends to be less stable and predictable. In addition, although people possess agreat deal of conscious control over the commitment that they make to a relationship, and even some degree of control over their feelings of intimacy, they usually have very little conscious control over the amount of passion that they experience for their partners. a. Passion Passion is the strong feeling of affection to the partner. â€Å"Passion is the motivational component that fuels romantic feelings, physical attraction and the desire for sexual interaction. Passion instills a deep desire to be united with the loved one. In a sense, passion is like an addiction, because its capacity to provide intense stimulation and pleasure can exert a powerful craving in a person.† [] Passion is when a person has physical attraction with someone and the desire to express himself sexually to them. Passion differentiates romantic love from other types of love. It is all about physiological arousal. Passion is the fastest of the three components, but it can be the first to fade in a long-term relationship. The passion component is motivational in nature and consists of the drives that are involved in romantic and physical attraction, sexual consummation, and related phenomena. Although passion takes the form of sexuality in many love relationships, Sternberg suggested that other needs (including the need for affiliation, for dominance over others, and for self-esteem) can contribute to the experience of passion. b. Intimacy Intimacy is the state of having close physical attraction with somebody. Intimacy tends to appreciate the partner. â€Å"Intimacy is the emotional component of love that encompasses the sense of being bonded with another person. It includes feelings of warmth, sharing, and emotional closeness. Intimacy also embraces a willingness to help the other and an openness to sharing private thoughts and feelings with the beloved.† [] Intimacy is the feeling of being close to someone. It happens when a person feels that they are sharing themselves with someone that is considered being intimate. When a person shares a bond with someone, that person gives and receives emotional support. Intimacy is present in many different types of relationships, not just romantic ones. The feelings between best friends could be called intimate but not mean anything sexual at all. The intimacy component of love is primarily emotional in nature and involves feelings of warmth, closeness, connection, and bonding in the love relationship. Signs of intimacy include wanting to promote the welfare of the loved one; experiencing happiness, mutual understanding, and intimate communication with the loved one; having high regard for the loved one; giving and receiving emotional support; being able to count on the loved one in times of need; sharing oneself and one’s possessions with the loved one; and valuing the presence of the loved one in one’s life. c. Commitment Commitment is the component of love which tends to be in the behavioral aspect of a person. â€Å"Commitment is the thinking or cognitive aspect of love. It refers to the conscious decision to love another and to maintain a relationship over despite difficulties that may arise.† [] Decision or commitment has two aspects. The first decision that a person loves another person and would be the short term aspect. The second decision is the commitment to form and maintain a relationship and would be the long term aspect rather. When relationships last a long time, commitment is playing a major role. People tend to choose a partner based on their similarities, attractiveness and whether or not that person would be interested in them. Needless to say, it didn’t work out mainly because the similarity couldn’t withstand the difference in age. The decision/commitment component of love is primarily cognitive in nature and represents both the short-term decision that one individual loves another and the long-term commitment to maintain that love. 1. Types of love Love takes many forms. Love exists between parent and child and between family members. Love between friends, known to the ancient Greeks as philia, involves concern for the other’s well-being. Lovers may experience some other additional types of love, like passionate love and companionate love. A relationship (whether romantic in nature, familial, or casual) may go through any or all of the eight classifications of love. a. Non-love Non-love is the absence of all three of Sternberg’s components of love. â€Å"Non-love does not contain any component of love. Non-love does not contain intimacy, passion, or commitment and is experienced through casual acquaintances such as therapists, teachers, neighbors, etc.† [] Love is the strong feeling of deep affection for somebody. Non-love in this case defines a feeling of emptiness, or in short no love exists at all. Non-love can be experienced during break-ups and with persons having third parties. This can affect someone’s perception of life and will be difficult to recover. b. Liking â€Å"Liking details a relationship based on intimacy, but not passion or commitment. The characteristic of Liking is having close, intimate friendships with no long-term commitment; an example of Liking is developing an intimate friendship with a neighbor, but because commitment and passion are missing if either neighbor moves away, the relationship is not maintained.† [] Liking/friendship in this case is not used in a trivial sense. A psychologist said, particularly Dr. Sternberg, that this intimate liking characterizes true friendships, in which a person feels a bond, warmth, and closeness with another but not intense passion or long-term commitment. c. Infatuation Infatuation is the absence of the two main components of love while existing in the presence of passion. â€Å"Infatuation is a relationship based on passion, with no intimacy or commitment. Infatuation is characterized by passionate attraction on sight, and an example of such would be a one night stand.† [] Infatuation is purely based on a person’s strong feelings of love, hatred, anger, enthusiasm, etc. Romantic relationships often start out as infatuated love and become romantic love as intimacy develops over time. Without developing intimacy or commitment, infatuated love may disappear suddenly. d. Empty love Empty love is love without the feeling and the bonding. This love is commonly seen among short-term unmarried relationships, in which the couple stays only because there is a responsibility. â€Å"Empty Love is a relationship based on commitment, lacking any intimacy or passion. An example of Empty Love is a couple staying in a marriage or relationship for the â€Å"sake of the children.† Empty Love is characterized by a lack of emotional warmth or heat of passion where partners tolerate each other because of a false sense of duty, obligation, or fear of change.† [] Empty love is characterized by commitment without intimacy or passion. Sometimes, a stronger love deteriorates into empty love. In cultures in which arranged marriages are common, relationships may begin as empty love and develop into one of the other forms. e. Romantic love â€Å"Romantic Love is a relationship based on passion and intimacy; however, it lacks commitment. Romantic Love is characterized by a couple who are emotionally and physically drawn to one another without the commitment of a long-term relationship. Romantic lovers look at each other through â€Å"rose colored glasses† not seeing each other’s flaws.† [] Romantic love bonds individuals emotionally through intimacy and physically through passionate arousal, but neither is sustained without commitment. f. Companionate love Companionate love is an intimate, non-passionate type of love that is stronger than friendship because of the element of long-term commitment. Sexual desire is not an element of companionate love. This type of love is often found in marriages in which the passion has gone out of the relationship but a deep affection and commitment remain. The love ideally shared between family members is a form of companionate love, as is the love between close friends who have a platonic but strong friendship. â€Å"Companionate Love is based on intimacy and commitment without the wild fire of passion. Companionate Love is characterized by a committed friendship and shared intimacy; an example of Companionate Love is a marriage whose passion has dwindled or a very close and intimate friendship that has survived through distance, hardship, and time.† [] g. Fatuous love â€Å"Fatuous Love is based on passion and commitment, but lacks intimacy. Fatuous Love is where passion and commitment are combined before true intimacy can develop; an example would be a marriage commitment based on passionate sex which over times loses its passionate nature, and since the couple didn’t share intimate conversations, goals, and dreams, the marriage is ended when it is realized the couple are not a good match.† [] Fatuous love is exemplified in which a commitment is motivated largely by passion without the stabilizing influence of intimacy. h. Consummate love â€Å"Consummate Love involves intimacy, commitment, and passion. Consummate Love is when a couple are perfectly matched in passion, intimacy, and commitment, and it is the ideal that most people try to achieve.† [] Consummate love is the complete form of love, representing an ideal relationship toward which people strive. Of the eight varieties of love, consummate love is theorized to be that love associated with the â€Å"perfect couple†. â€Å"According to Sternberg, such couples will continue to have great sex fifteen years or more into the relationship, they can not imagine themselves happy over the long-term with anyone else, they overcome their few difficulties gracefully, and each delight in the relationship with one other. However, Sternberg cautions that maintaining a consummate love may be even harder than achieving it. He stresses the importance of translating the components of love into action. â€Å"Without expression,† he warns, â€Å"even the greatest of loves can die†. Thus, consummate love may not be permanent. If passion is lost over time, it may change into companionate love.† [] B. Lust Lust is a large physical attraction for an individual, which is sometimes uncontrollable and completely unreasonable. Lust is often confused with love. Looking at someone lustfully invariably involves the powerful inward desire or instinct to share physical intimacy with that person. The inward desire of the mind for intimacy, need not be considered only in terms of excessive and inappropriate desire for sexual intercourse — although this is included.â€Å"Of course, there is no moral difference between sexual intercourse. If intercourse before marriage is sinful — and it is — then sexual gratification before marriage is also sinful. No one is exempt from the temptation to lust. Therefore, we must take every care to avoid harbouring impure thoughts by rejecting them whenever they first enter our minds.† [] â€Å"We must take every care to avoid setting ourselves deliberately into any situation where we know that we will be exposed to this or a similar temptation.†[] Sex drive is the another term for lust. â€Å"The sex drive (libido or lust) is characterized by the craving for sexual gratification; it is often directed toward many partners. In mammals, the sex drive is associated primarily with the estrogens and androgens, particularly testosterone, are central to sexual desire in both men and women. Studies of human sexual arousal show that specific networks of brain activation are associated with the sex drive.† [] Drives lie along a continuum. Some, such as thirst and the need for warmth, can rarely be extinguished until satisfied, while the sex drive and the maternal instinct can be redirected. Falling in love appears to be near the base of this continuum. For example, romantic love is considerably stronger than the sex drive. Since romantic love is a universal and powerful human mating drive, it must have evolved. 1. Sexual arousal In men and women, sexual desire can anticipate arousal. It is an arousal caused by direct genital stimulation. Direct genital stimulation is more powerful and quicker in men than in women. As a result of the reciprocity between desire and arousal and neurobiological overlapping, physiological signs of arousal are already in play. Sexual arousal, or sexual excitement, is the arousal of sexual desire, during or in anticipation of sexual activity. Things that precipitate human sexual arousal are called erotic stimuli, or colloquially known as a turn-on. Sexual arousal usually leads to physiological changes in the aroused person, some of which are pronounced while others are more subtle. â€Å"Given the right context, these may lead to the person desiring physical contact, including kissing, cuddling, and petting of the erogenous zones. This may in turn make the person desire direct sexual stimulation of those parts of their body which would normally be out of bounds, such as breasts, nipples, buttocks and/or genitals, and to sexual activity.† [] When a couple is sexually aroused with each other they tend to do on displaying their affection to their partner. The arousal is due to the rapid increase of the hormones and this is the reason for the strong sensation of the couple to display their affection in more intense than before. These intense affection may result to a more immoral and unethical practice of public display of affection (PDA). 2. Aggresiveness Aggresiveness is marked by combative readiness. Aggression or aggressiveness of any person indulging in PDA means there is a sexual activity he wants to.   Ã¢â‚¬Å"Sexual aggressiveness has biological, physical and emotional aspects. Biologically, it refers to the reproductive mechanism and the basic biological drive that exists in all species. Emotional aspects deal with the intense personal bonds and emotions generated between sexual partners by a sexual activity. Physical issues around sexuality range from purely medical considerations to concerns about the physiological , psychological and sociological aspects of sexual behavior.† [] The gender of the person is a factor that plays a big role in human aggression. It is evidently seen in males and females, proven by history. a. Men There is evidence that differences in socialization, cognition and personality may help explain gender-based disparity in rates of anti-social, as well as violent behaviors. Gender differences in cognition, socialization, and behavior may exist as early as infancy. Boys are more easily angered and depend more on inputs from their mother’s. Psychologists show that the ways which females and males are socialized affect their development. Males learn to value independence, while females are taught that their self-worth depends on their ability to maintain relationships. b. Women Females are considered less aggressive than males in a relationship. Men usually tend to be the more dominant in a relationship while women usually obey what the males want to do, but in our generation both males and females are considered to be the equal in every relationship. Girls are shielded by moral sense, which directs them away from harming others. The ethical sensitivity may counterbalance the effects of family issues. Females are known to display more self-control than males. Females are more verbally skilled, which is a skill that can help them in dealing with obstacles they may come across without reacting with violence. When girls are aggressive, they are more likely to hide their behavior from adults than males. Girls are expected to form closer relationships with their friends and share feelings, while boys tend to act out on their feelings in inappropriate ways. C. Influential factors 1. Media Most of the influence of the mass media on interpersonal relationships is the powerful influence of advertising. Commercial messages influence how people feel about themselves and their image to others. Commercial messages influence what a person’s expectations are about themselves, about others, about what their lives should be like. For most people, these expectations are usually unrealistic and for some, can be damaging to their self esteem which directly affects how they relate to others. 2. Other couples doing PDA So long as you practice discretion and engage in such activities in a tasteful manner, being affectionate in public should never be offensive to others. Just like a smile or laughter, this expression of happiness can also be contagious. To see other couples holding hands or exchanging a brief kiss in public often makes others get a warm and fuzzy feeling too. Hopefully, they pass it on. Sure, you may hear the occasional â€Å"Get a room† but those comments usually stem from others who are merely jealous of the happiness you two share and are likely to be missing something in their own relationship. 3. Reading of pornographic articles In attempting to support and strengthen relationships, the topic of pornography is one that must be addressed. This article is not to preach or evangelize, nor is it to discuss morality or ethics. It is however important that couples understand the possible ramifications of a phenomenon that may impact their relationship. As unpopular as it may be, this article is an attempt to shed light on what many couples may face as society becomes more accepting of increasingly graphic, stark, and violent pornography. 4. Emotional ties Couples usually have emotional ties between each other. It is a must because a person or a couple is in love. This bring much emotions in the individuals and creates a strong bind to that couple that would made them feel that the person they currently love is the one for them and they would feel 100% that they must be loyal to their partner and show the intimate love they can give to them as long as they felt the same love they are giving to them. This is the point where the PDA (public display of affection) becomes more intimate and intense, this brings to the mind of other people to be unethical and immoral but to the couple doing it PDA is a good presentation of how they partner. It is emotionally tied to them and expressed the love for them. There is nothing bad having emotional ties with your partner, as long as the person is having his limitations, it is good. Having emotional ties means that a couple is really at the peak of their relationship and it is natural to feel it beca use it is a part of being in-love. IV. PDA and relationship Most people say that they hate PDA and can’t stand the ones who indulge in these ‘perverse’ activities. But given an opportunity, no one would mind staring at an intimate sight unless they are being watched back. â€Å"Your partner should become to you someone very special, as the relationship between the both of you develops. But this special relationship can only develop properly and honorably when it is built upon a wholehearted commitment , and upon mutual trust and respect. Mutual trust and respect; however, cannot be engendered and developed apart from complete purity and honour — in body and in mind. Our conduct must always be above reproach.† [] â€Å"This is the basis upon which mutual trust and respect first germinates, and then begins to grow. When we have found the right partner, then this growth will flourish eventually into love: the pure, deep, satisfying and honourable love associated with trust, respect and the wholehearted desire.† [] â€Å"Trust and respect is the foundation the couple must lay, and upon which they must build as they seek to develop a relationship with your partner. This foundation must apply to all stages of courtship — from the first dates, right through to (and including) the period of engagement.† [] A. In a married relationship The exploration route of life that a married relationship takes depends on what the couple wants to experience together during their lifetime. There are some people who want children to enter married relationship while other couples choose to go childless and spend their lifetime traveling to exotic places, enjoying what the world has to offer. This proves that marriage is an â€Å"opener† of a new world, opening the way to mutualism and separates them to the rest. This means PDA is less but relationship is stronger. There are no inappropriate decisions to be made in a married relationship. Living a good life is a decision that is made by two people, and does not need the approval of the rest of the world in order to function properly. There are clergy, and guidance counselors that might be able to help guide a couple on their quest for a good relationship, but the journey starts with the two of them. This means that the couple knows each other fully and the two knows if there’s love binding them or not. Married couples indulging in PDA are only using it to notice that the partner’s presence is there. 1. Without children Married life is fulfilling in itself. Some couples want to have children in their lives, and some don’t. Those who decide not to, have a great oppotunity to live a fulfilled life, loving and providing for their spouse’s needs. Being married without children allows a couple to really get to know themselves in a more intimate level. The time and attention aren’t divided, allowing them to devote themselves more fully to their partner and to the things the couple enjoys together. But also, the couple must also limit their PDAs so that they can focus on all of their work. In a married life without children, a couple has an independent PDA. 2. With children A married relationship is a new setting that the couple find themselves in a new way of looking at life and coming to terms with each other’s perspectives. Getting into married relationship after a thoroughly enjoyable bachelor’s life takes time to settle down. By then, there is a tough decision of when to have kids. Doing PDA even when the couple has their son/daughter is a sort of sweetness in a home. It only makes the relationship stronger and more enjoyable. 3. With grandsons and grandaughters Parents often rely on parents to help raise their children in this confusing and complex world. Grandparents would do well not to squander the opportunity given to them. The PDA in this kind of situation is much more less, lesser than a married life with children. PDA now here is scarce, but the scarcity of your PDA is much more filled with love, with passion. On this peak of your life, being a PDA doer is like commitment, since the time you two got married and has gone strong through the years. â€Å"This proves that the major components of love is passion, commitment, and intimacy.† [] B. In a boyfriend / girlfriend relationship A girlfriend or a boyfriend is an individual with whom one shares a romantic relationship. He/she is your consultant to all things, a shoulder to cry on. Having PDA with your boyfriend /girlfriend is much more free, but liberal. Those couples do it for love, but because of being liberal, they deny the criticisms of people around them, yet, they only accept the compliments. 1. Adolescent relationships One of the most exciting aspects about going to school for an adolescent is also one of the most difficult: the possibility of romantic relationships. Teens may be idealized of a boyfriend or girlfriend as an attractive person with whom they can date, and develop an intimate relationship. Of course it isn’t always as simple as this. Adolescents always have a liberal mind and can do anything for curiosity. While teenage romantic relationships are difficult, they are a necessary part of growing up in our society, as in the process of ending a relationship as a teen. Parents are often concerned with their son/daughter’s reaction to a relationship ending. They are alarmed of the PDA they are doing. The loss of a relationship during adolescence is particularly difficult because of the high probability that these teens will see each other very often, whether they attend the same school or have the same friends. Seeing an ex boyfriend/girlfriend regularly makes the difficult process of moving-on even more difficult. Teens become so distracted that their focus on academics may shift and they may begin to struggle with grades. And teens divert the hurt to a new boyfriend/girlfriend to lessen the pain, and do eye-catching PDAs to hurt their former boyfriend/girlfriend. â€Å"Pain is nature’s way of saying that something was wrong. Pain is therefore our best teacher. Let’s learn from this. Do understand that everything in life doesn’t last forever. Some things will fail, in spite of our best efforts. Look at the other significant relationships in your personal life (siblings, parents, friends, colleagues). Try to enhance these, because some of these may have been neglected when you were high on love.† [] 2. Young adult relationships How young is â€Å"too young† to start a relationship? It depends on the individual’s level of maturity, goals, and beliefs. Very much often the younger we are, the less mature we are due to a lack of life experience. When we are just beginning to figure out who we are, we may not be firmly grounded enough spirituality to form solid romantic attachments, and become more prone to making unwise decisions that can leave us with emotional, physical, psychlogical, and spiritual damage. Being in a relationship puts one in almost constant temptation, especially as emotions begin to develop and the attraction to that person deepens. Young teens (even older teens) are besieged by harmnal and societal pressures that seem at times almost unbearable. Such early relationships make more difficult to avoid damage to the delicate and still-forming self-image, not to mention the problem of resisting temptation. So developing a mutual relation in this age is very hard because temptation to the opposite sex is something like lust. So couples must be cautious of their PDA because PDA tends to be a â€Å"temptation starter†. 3. Adult (Mature) relationships Relationships come in many shapes and sizes, but all of them require maturity to create a lasting emotional bond. Starting a relationship is the easy part, but making it last requires patience and understanding. Learning to overlook mistakes and to look forward into the future are the key elements of a mature relationship. â€Å"Most people think of love as a feeling but love is not much a feeling as a way of being present. It is a kind of being in love with â€Å"love† to discover one’s self. PDA in this relationship is much more understandable and is a first step to mutual relation.† [] C. Third parties A third party is the involvement of a single person to a couple intimately and romantically. Being in a third party is really bad, as if you’re wrecking a relationship. What if you’re on the shoes of the person being cheated on, how would you feel? We also have what we call â€Å"Karma†. Some clever people say that being a third party is also a good thing to make the couple realize that they’re not meant for each other. It’s better if you commit a person who’s not taken, yet just to things legal. PDA is like a law of motion, if there’s any action, there’s equal and opposite reaction. The equal reaction is having a mutual relation while the opposite means break-up. D. Break – up A relationship break-up, simply referred to as breakup, is the termination of a usually intimate relationship by any means other than death. The term is less likely to be applied to a married couple, where a break-up is typically called a separation or divorce. Being in a break-up means the love has gone, died. This means that when you do PDA, your partner is never happy of what you two do and his/her feelings’ filled with no other but lust. The other thinks that his/her love is empty love so he/she decides to end it because the relationship is worthless. It isn’t right to continue. â€Å"After a break-up has passed understand the pain. Do not get into revenge mode, what’s done is done. Do not blame yourself for what has happened. Then, refocus on your life. Look at all the things in your life that you had not focused on while you were in a relationship. Revisit your goals and dreams. Lastly is to celebrate life.† [] E. PDA Interactions Doing PDA means interaction with your partner. This interaction means love. Love emerges from the crisis of intimacy versus isolation, a mature devotion that overcomes basic differences between men and women. To love means to care, to recognize the essential humanity of the other person, to have an active regard for the person’s development. But there are also issues involving PDA. These are issues about private space exposing one’s body on sexual areas to a another person and feeling about trusting another to accept one’s body. PDA is not just the objectivity of the act but is also for the sake of the doer. Public displays of affection are par for the course in every relationship someone is in, so it’s worth learning the rules. Granted, every woman and every relationship is different and will need some fine tuning, but the general limits of what is acceptable and what isn’t will be constant across the board. 1. Acceptable a. Holding hands Two or more people voluntarily hold hands for the purpose of expressing love or to enjoy physical intimacy. In PDA holding hands is a sign to a couple that they are connected to each other for they are in-love. It is the most common form of PDA and it is an acceptable form of affection and considered moral and ethical. Holding hands is the act of grabbing a girlfriend/boyfriend’s hand in public, whether to lead that person in the right direction or just to feel close to the person, and it is just fine in about any setting. It isn’t intimate enough to make the people around the couple squeamish, but it is intimate enough to let someone’s partner see it as a sign of affection and a declaration of two people’s status as a couple. b. Kissing A kiss is the act of pressing one’s lips against the lips or other body parts of another. Cultural connotations of kissing vary widely. A kiss may be used to express sentiments of love, passion, affection, respect, greeting, friendship, and good luck, among many others. The act of kissing has become a common expression of affection among many cultures worldwide. As a greeting, kissing is most definitely on the â€Å"acceptable† list and is fairly standard in most relationships. Obviously, this extends to personal social situations, and can be bypassed in professional arenas. To keep kisses acceptable, keep them brief and abstain from continued tongue action throughout the course of an outing. c. Hugging A hug is a form of physical intimacy, not necessarily sexual, that usually involves closing or holding the arms around another person or group of persons. The hug is one of the most common human signs of love and affection, along with kissing, unlike some other forms of physical intimacy. Cuddling seems to be an all right option. It gives the closeness that makes the couple feel good without offending too many people around. There are always those who frown on any contact between couples beyond an escort-like arm to a function. But having an arm about another and snuggling close is all right. Cuddling or hugging is harmless and less annoying than other displays of affection.

Managing Human Resources Essay

This assissment is going to be about Human Resource Management and it’s going to contain information about different perspectives of human resources management and what the role involves. . HRM system is based on HR system , both work together to the same way. The example is HR strategies defining the direction in which HRM intends to go. We got few models of HRM , one I want to describe is Guest’s Model of HRM. David Guest’s model of HRM has 6 dimensions of analysis : HRM strategy HRM practices HRM outcomes Behaviour outcomes Performance outcomes Financial outcomes This model is prescriptive in the sense that it is based on the assumption that HRM is different from traditional personal management. How guest’s model is adopted in Harrods? In my opinion is adopted by having similar commitments for example the Guest model is prescriptive on the sense that it is bases on the assumption that HRM is distinctively different from traditional personnel management and rotted in strategic management. Also the Guest’s model of HRM outcomes are fairly similar as Harrods engages employees to continues success of the business by committing to what they are doing and one of the outcomes that the Guest’s model states is commitment. David Guest’s analysis financial outcomes in his model of HRM and when looking at the financial outcome at Harrods, we can see that they are loosing money due to the employee turnover. When looking at the case study it shows that the research that has been done about the turnover indicates that the employee turnover has significant cost and performance effects to the business. For example the employee turnover at Harrods measures the rate at which employees leave their employer normally after one year. The claim of the Guest model that it is superior to others is partly justified in the sense that it clearly maps out the field of HRM and delineates the inputs and outcomes. But the dynamics of people management are so complex that no model (including the Guest model) can capture them comprehensively. P. 1. 2 The purpose of HRM is to ensure that the employees of an organization are used in such a way that the employer obtains the greatest possible benefit from their abilities and the employees obtain both material and psychological rewards from their work. Personnel management is the traditional approach to managing. It deals with the reactive side, which are rules, and regulations, wages, pension, and leave administration. It is administrative in nature. Human Resource Management are people oriented an treats employees as an asset. It is the modern approach to managing an organisation and people in the organisation. It is the proactive side of managing which puts people first. The term â€Å"industrial relations† has developed both a broad and a narrow meaning. Industrial relations is increasingly being called employment relations or employee relations because of the importance of non-industrial employment relationships. Industrial relations has three faces: science building, problem solving, and ethical. In the science building phase, industrial relations is part of the social sciences, and it seeks to understand the employment relationship and its institutions through high-quality, rigorous research. From this perspective, an industrial relation covers all aspects of the employment relationship, including human resource or personnel management and employee relations. The difference between personnel management and human resource management is that personnel management basically deals with the employees, for example they deal with payroll recruitment. Where the HRM deals with the management of the work force, training and the well-being of all employees. Also we can say that Human Resources is to incorporate and develop personnel management tasks, while at the same time seeking to create and develop teams of workers to the advantage of the organization. Personnel management comprises mainly of administrative tasks that are considered to be traditional and routine. The Human Resources management at Harrods helps to build a competitive edge by positively getting involving the employees. The HRM at Harrods use an appropriate leadership style and they use two-way communication, which is very effective as it allows information to be passed on correctly and quickly. Similar organization which adopted IR practice and Personal is NHS. The NHS UK practice managers work within the primary care sector, where they manage the overall running of general practices surgeries. Practice managers come from a variety of backgrounds and do not necessarily need to be a qualified healthcare professional. Industrial relations in the UK health care sector are characterised by high levels of social dialogue and joint regulation, particularly in the public part of the sector. P. 1. 3 At Harrods the role of the line manager is to encourage communication targets and advice to employees through face-to-face interactions. This might involve sitting down in the staff room, or in a more formal setting, to agree objectives and to give advice about improvements and new ways of working. Acting as a coach helps the line managers to develop their managerial skills, build relationships and reinforce trust at Harrods. Employees play the most vital role in HRM because they are the key advantage and we also must remember that high-performing and innovative employees are the foundation of productivity. Some major implications for HRM are, they can set direction and implement a company strategy, which builds commitment to what they do. Employees at Harrods help to develop performance metrics for on going improvements in the business. In order to increase the productivity at Harrods the line manager or HRM support their employees by communicating effectively and giving them regular feedback on their performance and by them doing that it decreases the errors and frustration caused to employees at work. Also an effective reward system for employees at Harrods motivates them towards better performance. Non-monetary factors like better status can motivate employees in addition.

Exports are good for the U.S. economy Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Exports are good for the U.S. economy - Essay Example In 2010, exports employed approximately 10 million people. It is clear that export is a source of employment. Creation of employment reduces the dependency ratio. Most people get employed thus able to earn a living. To the government, the money that would have been used to feed the unemployed population is reduced and utilized in other sectors such as health care. It ensures a good health of workers (Brux, 298). Secondly, in the US, firms that export their products are motivated to improve the quality of their products by high-income levels. The companies expand and employ more workers. When these companies are motivated to produce more, the US government earns more in terms of taxes. The amount earned indirectly from the exports contributes to the government’s growth domestic product. The money will in turn boost the government’s economy (Palmer). According to the US statistics, jobs that are export-intensive pay well. Huge salaries have enabled individuals to live an extravagant life. On similar lines, the US government benefits from these huge taxes from these huge salaries. It is clear that the higher the individual’s income, the higher the amount of tax levied. The huge taxes collected contribute to the government revenue thus used in the development (McEachern, 523). The fact that the US is known to export quality goods and services, many people believe that it is due to high skilled labor force and nearness to the raw materials. For this reason, it has called for direct investors who propose on setting up firms in the US. The firms create employment for the jobless but skilled individuals. More so, it results in the development of infrastructure such as road. In addition, the government maximizes its revenue by taxing these foreign direct investors (Turco and Maggioni 4). In summary, all countries should appreciate the exporting processes. More so they should ensure that exports exceed imports for the country’s economy to

Fire service administration Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Fire service administration - Essay Example This law makes the assumption that firefighters knew the risks before undertaking the tasks. This law is good in the way it is as it prevents fraud in the fire departments. However, it would be better if the firefighters were able to get some form of collection in case genuine accidents happen in the line of duty. This provision allows for the emergency service providers to respond to emergencies that are within their jurisdiction as soon as they are required, and only when the said emergency has occurred (Halliday et al., 2013). All parties in the agreement are required to supply the necessary resources as soon as possible. In other instances, the mutual aid agreements state that the necessary resources have to be dispatched to the nearest fire station regardless of the side of jurisdictional boundary. This policy is good as it caters for the needs of all stakeholders in the occurrence of emergencies. There is a need to protect the employees in a fire department based on the levels of risks that they get exposed to. The current policies ensure that the provision of all the safety gear needed to fight fire (FEMA, U.S. Fire Administration & NFPA International, 2002). However, there must be a comprehensive and detailed coverage that will ensure safety, health and compensation of the individuals in the fire stations. In addition, the policies should be stricter on the side of employers. The fire department policy regulates the operation of motor vehicles within the legal jurisdiction (U.S. Fire Administration, 2008). However, in cases where there are emergencies beyond the jurisdiction and urgent assistance is required, the motor vehicle operations can be altered to facilitate helping the people in need of the emergency services. This policy is good as it minimizes misuse of departmental resources. The current policy facilitates for the regular

Deduction vs. Induction Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Deduction vs. Induction - Essay Example On the other hand, an inductive argument is an argument in which the premises are expected to support the conclusion such that if the premises were to be true (which is an assumption of the arguer), it is merely improbable that the conclusion could be false in that case. Therefore, instead of there being a necessary connection between premises and conclusion, as there is in the case of the deductive argument, the connection between premises and conclusion in the inductive argument is probabilistic. In the example given, it is possible for the conclusion to be false, even if all three of the premises are true. In other words, it is possible for an argument that lacks deductive validity to be inductively valid. For instance, perhaps Newton lost his taste for tea after being struck on the head with an apple, which, according to the story, he was drinking on that occasion. Although inductive inferences may be uncertain, they are probable. That is, it is very probable that Isaac Newton liked tea. However, it is not certain based solely from the evidence given in P1-P3. Moreover, unlike deductive arguments, inductive inferences give us more information than what is contained in the premises. Careful use of inductive arguments is necessary for any field of research outside of those that rely on basic truths and assumptions. In the argument given, both of the premises are true. Consequently, it is simply not possible for the conclusion to be false. If the deductive argument has all true premises, and a false conclusion, then an error has been made and the argument lacks deductive validity. Conversely, one cannot accept the truth of the premises without accepting the truth of the conclusion. The relationship between the premises and the inference is that the conclusion cannot be false if the premises are true. Even if the premises might not actually be true, the relationship between the premises and the conclusion does not change, and even if the evidence for the

Critically evaluate the new developments on Destination Management Essay

Critically evaluate the new developments on Destination Management Systems - Essay Example The various stakeholders of Destination Management System includes the Destination Management Organizations containing its employees, the marketing and sales group, the product management group, the supplier of services through destination management system and, the visitors of the destination. The destination management system provides ways of increasing the service level of the DMOs to their visitors and enables them to provide a high quality experience to the tourists who visit the destinations of their choice (Kotler and Keller 45). The destination management system ensures that duplication of efforts are not done and that the management staffs of the DMOs are properly educated and trained to increase the attractions of destination tourism. Thus DMS helps to provide the sought after facilities and services at affordable price to the visitors by which the DMOs are able to attain strategic advantages in tourism. ... The online destination marketing adopted by the DMOs in the latest stage of tourism marketing have allowed the DMOs to offer an integrated portfolio of services to be catered to the customers by the use of online websites and portals of tourism (Buhalis 47). The destination management organization is able to acquaint their customers about the various characteristic features of the destination and the areas of attraction in real time mode. The online destination marketing is a form of real time destination management system that provides unbiased information on the attractive features of the destination, the public services, amenities and the modes of transport available that connects the destination. The quality of the infrastructure, human resources, hospitality and services available at the regional prices in the destination are also informed to the visitors in quick time through online destination management system. The image of the tourist place and the destinations are easily in formed to the large customer base in quick time and, therefore, plays important role to influence the customer’s decision for selecting destinations for the purpose of visit. The online destination marketing by the Destination Management Organizations could be explained as application of the marketing concepts in the digital marketing of the products and services related to destination tourism. The marketing concepts related to the new developments in the online marketing of destinations are that of customer-centricity, targeting, positioning and segmentation in order to offer benefits and facilities to the customers who plan to visit destination for a

The Construction of Guilt on Timothy Evans and 10 Rillington Place Essay

The Construction of Guilt on Timothy Evans and 10 Rillington Place - Essay Example Brief facts of the case Timothy Evans, an illiterate but an able driver with mental instability made an unprovoked visit to Merthyr Police Station on 30 November 1949 and voluntarily confessed to having disposed of his wife’s body down a drain outside his home at 10 Rillington Place, North London. He made two revelations: 1) that his pregnant wife died after he administered to her abortion pills he had collected from a stranger in a cafe in East Anglia. The Notting Hills Police in North London who rushed to Evan’s place did not find any dead body inside the drain manhole cover of which was so heavy that it had to be lifted by three policemen with great difficulty. 2) On further interrogation, Evans informed that his landlord/ co-tenant, Christie disposed of the dead body of his wife who died after an unsuccessful abortion on her performed by Christie himself as allegedly informed by Christie to Evans who was not an eyewitness to both the abortion incident as well as the disposal of the body. Contrary to this, Christie actually strangled both Evan’s wife and his baby daughter to death three weeks earlier to his (Evans’) confession, of which Evans had no knowledge. ...   (Gudjonsson, 2003) Evans later retracted his confession after his mother met with him at the prison and asked him for the reason to commit the murders. He told his mother â€Å"Christie done it. Ask him to come and see me. He is the only one who can help me now† (Kennedy, 1988 p.141). Unfortunately, prosecution managed to fix Christie's and his wife as its witnesses to give evidence against Evans. at the trial. Although Evans’ defense was that he did not murder them but Christie, his own defense lawyers considered his second statement in Wales as reliable. At the time it was not suspected that Christie lied that Evans’ wife died due to abortion. Evans’ second statement precluded any motive on the part of Christie to the murder of Evans’ wife. Although the medical evidence proved that Mrs. Evans had been sexually penetrated after her death, the defense did not have the hunch that why there could not have been a third party involvement in the rape for a husband need not have to rape or to have normal sexual intercourse after her after death. Further, the forensic report of the presence of spermatozoa in Mrs. Evan’s vagina did not prompt the Defense to have it tested for DNA to find its owner was whether Evans, Christie or anybody else. Bereft of any evidence in his favor, Evans was found guilty of the murder of his daughter by the jury which was not asked by the court to decide on Mrs. Evans’ death.

Leadership Within a Global Context Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Leadership Within a Global Context - Essay Example n essence, resilience to change and cultural intolerance /discrimination are the major challenges that a leader is faced with in a multicultural public health environment (Dowell, Tappero, & Frieden, 2011). This paper describes the two major challenges associated with multicultural leadership in the public health sector and the probable strategies of countering the challenges. Multicultural leadership is perhaps the most taxing form of difficult since the followers and juniors hold extreme opinions about various aspects and operational procedures within the organization (Hofstede, 2010). The public health sector is not an exception although public health practitioners are known to uphold the highest ethical standards. In this respect, cultural intolerance and discrimination is commonplace in a multicultural environment such as health care facilities (BÃ ¼cker & Poutsma, 2010). Leaders in these situations have to control and manage clients, patients, and medical practitioners with extreme and skewed perceptions of other cultures. Furthermore, strangers and foreigners are the common victims, especially when public health leaders have to harmonize the whole workforce (Dowell, Tappero, & Frieden, 2011). Although many health practitioners claim to embrace change, their actions depict resilience. For instance, the Hawaii earthquake tragedy of 2010 exposed a public health sector that was complacent with mediocre medical health services (MÃ ¤kilouko, 2004). Fundamentally, reluctance to change and adopt new technologies or new ways of thinking is an issue that is ailing the public health sector. Certainly, the problem hits right in the face of public health managers who bear the responsibility of running the sector. Difficult and uncooperative health practitioners are commonplace in a multicultural health facility and it is the responsibility of the public health leader to ensure uniformity within their respective areas of control (Hofstede, 2010). Since every problem has

College tuition Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

College tuition - Research Paper Example This paper attempts to investigate the economic costs and benefits associated with college tuition. The research will also help administrative bodies and students to identify the key factors affecting the effectiveness of college education. Finally, the conclusion will suggest effective measures to minimize the benefits cost associated with college tuition. COSTS AND BENEFITS OF EDUCATION The Opportunity Costs of College Education A number of opportunity costs are associated with college education. When a student decides to get admission in college instead of earning on a job, the lost earning is the opportunity cost. Since there is large number of applicants than the available seats, the rejection of more deserving students account for opportunity cost to that college. If the enrolled student is not utilizing his capabilities efficiently, the rejected student might have proven more successful to college and the society. Furthermore, the qualified student directly suffered emotional stress and tangible loss. The Economic Costs of College Education The tuition payment made for college education is an investment in student’s future. The cost of college education is increasing with every passing year as illustrated in figure 01. Figure 01. Increasing Trends in College Pricing Source: The College Board, 2010. However, the college tuition cost considerably varies depending on the choice of college. Around 47% of the fulltime undergraduate students are enrolled into four-year colleges with tuition fees less than $9,000 per annum. Comparatively, the private four-year colleges charge students with more than $35,000 per annum. Sometimes, these colleges also offer partial scholarships and financial aid programs attracting more applicants. The average tuition and fees at a two-year college stands around 2, 713 per annum. Few of the colleges may also offer to cover all tuition costs in full scholarships. In the year 2009-10, around $154 billion was spent in providin g financial aid to college students. Benefits College education is quite beneficial investment in terms of developing human capital. The lifetime income potential of a person far increases with education and training. These days, it is vital for a person to be prepared to work in modern economies by getting reasonable education. College tuition is thus an investment in enhancing knowledge, skills, competencies, values and habits of a person. Apart from the monetary awards, various social benefits are also associated with college education. College education has remarkably decreased the public reliance on financial assistance programs leading to the generation of more tax revenues. This also increases the serving capacity of the public sector. The costs imposed by criminal justice system on the society cannot be ignored. Over the past few decades, education has resulted in decrease of crime rates. Thus, the public sector funds spend by the system on prosecution, punishment and probat ion of criminals can be utilized for social welfare. In addition, educated people are capable of forming a more interacting civil society. TUITION DATA According to the Trends in College Pricing 2010 report, increase in grant aid has resulted in decline of average tuition and fees in the recent years. However, a large number of students are still paying full tuition charges that are increasing every year. For instance, Students at four-year public colleges with no financial funding paid 7.9% more in 2010 than they

The Fire Department Strategic Plan for 2009-2013 Essay Example for Free

The Fire Department Strategic Plan for 2009-2013 Essay Firemen – these are the people whose functions we often take for granted. However, the role of fire departments in communities is of paramount importance. It is in the hands of the firemen where the security and the safety of the people lye. Thus, providing for the needs of the fire department ought to be listed at the agendas of the government. The government must make sure that the community fire department is working at their prime by providing for all of their needs. In addition to that, the government must also be able to deal with, and meet the future demands of the fire department for them to be able to keep up with the times. With that said, I propose for a strategic plan for the advancement of the local fire department. My proposal mainly encompasses the provision of equipments for the fire department so that their objectives of serving their people can be met. The fire department strategic plan for 2009-2013 How could a fire department function properly without their main weapon – the fire truck? Thus, the government must be able to provide for, not only a working and functioning fire truck, but also one that can sustain the vigorous demands of the firemen. The number of fire trucks within the fire department must also be ample and sufficient in number so that the firemen can respond to their community’s call for help smoothly whenever the need arises. Providing for a working and sufficient fire truck can help the fire department do their function orderly and properly. Corollary to the provision of fire trucks, provision of equipments for the firemen must also be addressed. Equipments and gears such as the basic yet very essential fireproof coats, gloves, fire retardant helmets, foot wears, and goggles to name a few must be sufficiently provided for. Worn out gears and equipments must also be immediately replaced and restocked. In addition, other gears such as, binoculars, flashlights, axes, high power cutters and drills, or even compasses must also be provided for. These equipments can greatly help the local fire department in servicing the people. Ample provision of these gears can provide for the quality performance of the firemen in overcoming the drawbacks of narrow buildings, illegal constructions, basement fires, and in combating chemical and hazardous fires in the city and other neighboring areas. (http://www. hindu. com/2005/05/20/stories/2005052012780400. htm) Thus, the goals and objectives of the community fire department can consequently be met. The provisions that I have stated above are the fundamental tools a fireman must have. To boot, communication equipments are equally essential for the orderly functioning of the local fire department. Communication and other electronic apparatuses such as telephones and or other wireless phones, and computers at the fire department must be provided for efficient communication. These communication equipments must be in adequate quantity to assure the easy contact and access of the people to their fire department. GPS should also be placed inside fire trucks so that the firemen can know the fastest access to a site of casualty. Thus, these gears can provide for a well-organized functioning of the community fire department. To quote G. C. Mishra, a senior official at the Delhi Fire Service (DFS): Another area which has been of interest to us is the development of communication equipments which would include computerization of fire control room that will also act as an information centre. Any call being made to this place would be recorded and firemen would be given information about the special risks in the area where the fire has occurred including the layout, the kind of fire and will also run a check on any hazardous material that the men will need to look out for. It would also tell the official about the nearest fire station, cutting down the travel and response time (http://www. hindu. com/2005/05/20/stories/2005052012780400. htm) Included in my proposal for a strategic development for the local fire department is the construction of newer and more up-to-date fire houses. These contemporary fire departments would serve as the home base of the firemen. Since this is the place where the firemen would be receiving the calls for help from the people, then a fire house that can keep up with the rigorous activities of the firemen must be properly addressed. This too must meet the standards for safety and protection from hazardous casualties so as not to impede the orderly function of the department. The fire house must have adequate allocation of spaces reserved for specific functions such as an office for the department containing up-to-date equipments which I have also mentioned above. My last proposal is none other than for the firemen themselves, addressing the demands of these personnel. These firemen must have the just treatments that are rightfully accord to them. A job as risky as firefighting, people working as firemen must be accorded with remunerations and benefits such as in health – free hospitalization and the like. To quote Mr. G. C. Mishra, a DFS senior official: Our data from 2004 has shown that we have lost 10 men to various accidents. Fire-fighting is a high-tension job. Besides the obvious dangers it is also very stressful with the men suffering from exhaustion and severe health problems after every major fire†¦ (http://www. hindu. com/2005/05/20/stories/2005052012780400. htm) Closing The proposals that I have mentioned is a testament to the fact that there is a need to update fire fighting methods and equipments not just for the security and protection of a community, but also to improve the working capability of the community fire department. Reference: 1. The Hindu. New Delhi: Fire Service goes hi-tech. Retrieved from website: http://www. hindu. com/2005/05/20/stories/2005052012780400. htm

Research Method in Biological Level of Analysis Psychology Essay Example for Free

Research Method in Biological Level of Analysis Psychology Essay Examine the use of one research method used in the biological level of analysis, including an evaluation of the ethical considerations related to them. The case studies method consists in taking a patient personal history in order to take a diagnosis. It is usually applied in persons that have abnormal characteristics in behaviour, at biological or at cognitive level; it can also be applied to a group of people that are under the same situation. Case study is a long-term research where the patient or the group of people are studied to get into a conclusion. This type of study investigates and recollects qualitative data, such as feelings and experiences. At the same time it also includes quantitative data of measurements such as blood testing, IQ scores and other survey data. An example of case-study method is the Phineas Gage research. Phineas was the man who had an accident and a metal pole entered through its skull. It entered through his left cheek and exited through its frontal lobe. There were many factors that made of this situation really abnormal. Just after the accident Phineas was awake. He lost the vision in his left eye, but in his right eye the vision was perfect. Besides he didn’t suffer any paralysis and had no difficulty with speech or language. However, the doctor noted that his intellectual abilities and his emotional control had been destroyed. Gage had become impatient, indulgent and though he made plans for hi future he could never follow them. He could be described as a child. According to the long-term case study, his frontal lobe provided evidence that the brain affects personality and social behaviour. This is a really important research because it presents one of the biological level of analysis, the one that refers there are biological correlates of behaviour. Here we can see how damaged physiological factor can affect behaviour. Besides it shows us how case studies are really useful, because not all changes in behaviour happen from one day to another. As this study evidenced the process in which the behaviour starts to see affected is a long-term process. Case studies of the brain-damaged patients have led to important findings about the brain. According to the ethics in this type of research, probably there are more negative facts tan positive facts. Case studies researches are not ethical because the patient is treated, observed and examined like it is a completely different person compared to the others. Besides it can invade your personal spaces and take you away some privacy. The researcher gets to know deeply personal information fro the patient, which is not usually shared with other people. Besides, some of this information may be published or at least written up as a research report, in order to be used in a future as valid information in researches, etc. That’s why the identity of the person should be always protected; the researcher needs to cover all the details that could lead others to work out the individual’s identity. In the case of Phineas Gage most of this ethical considerations weren’t taked into count. They didn’t covered up his identity, beside they go into details of his personal life. In conclusion the case studies are really important because are the ones that lead us to conclusions about real life issues and particular problems. The researches done by this method are really accurate and play a really important role in psychology biological level of analysis.

Water Treatment for Contaminated Water | Experiment

Water Treatment for Contaminated Water | Experiment Water Contamination Melissa Butler Abstract In the experiments that we have conducted, we used oil, vinegar, laundry soap, and soil to simulate polluted groundwater. Most of the contaminants are occurs naturally, aluminum, iron, and manganese. We then created a variety of filters to attempt to clean the ground water and make it drinkable. We also did experiments will prove that there is really no difference between the two. While doing my experiment we find out that bottle water and tap water have just about the same levels of contaminants as tap water. Introduction Some areas have water-containing contaminations from natural or non-natural sources. These impurities can cause health problems like rashes, diarrhea, and maybe even cancer. Contaminates can also damage equipment, plumbing, or make the water undrinkable, due to flavor, smell, appearance, or discoloration. Water that contain harmful contaminates need to be fixed immediately. â€Å"According to the EPA, exposure to lead in drinking water can result in delayed physical or neurologic development in infants and children, and can cause high blood pressure, kidney problems, and cancer in adults. Moreover, a growing body of evidence suggests adverse health effects result even at blood levels below the 10 ÃŽ ¼g/dL â€Å"level of concern† at which the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) recommend intervention.† (Renner, 2009. A544). â€Å"Before beginning any treatment plan, have water tested by an independent laboratory to determine the specific impurities and leve l of contamination. This will help you select the most effective and economical treatment method†. (Ross, Parrott, Woods, 2009). The effects of exposure to some contaminants in our water supply are not known, but not all of them are health threats. The National Water Quality Inventory 1994 Report to Congress states â€Å"that 40% of flowing river and stream miles can be used for drinking water after conventional water treatment, and 37% of lake and reservoir acres meet the designated use criteria for drinking water† (EPA). The reason why we conducted this experiment is to test the filtration to remove oil, vinegar, and laundry detergent has on soil before it reaches groundwater. These substances go to our local water supply, and into our soil. While the things that we have tested are relatively are no very dangerous, but we have to think of the thing that can get through and cause harm. Materials and Methods Experiment 1: Effects of Groundwater Contamination In this experiment, we tested ground water for impurities. The materials that were used was eight 250mL beakers, three wooden stir sticks, 10mL of vegetable oil, 10mL of vinegar, 100mL graduated cylinder, 10mL of liquid laundry detergent, 100mL beaker, 240mL of soil, cheesecloth, funnel and water. With a marker, the eight 250mL beakers were labeled number one through eight. Putting five through eight to the side, fill with beakers one through four with 100mL of water using the 100mL graduated cylinder to help measure the water. In beaker number two 10mL of vegetable oil was put in and with a wooded stir stick was stirred thoroughly. In beaker number three 10mL of vinegar was added and with a wooded stir stick was stirred thoroughly. In beaker number four 10mL of liquid laundry detergent was added and with a wooden stir stick was stirred thoroughly. At this time, I wrote down my observations of beakers one through four in Table 1. I cut the cheesecloth into four pieces and folded them so that it was four layers thick. I placed one piece of cheesecloth into the funnel, measured 60mL of soil using the 100mL to help measure the soil, and poured that into the funnel. Taking beaker number one, I poured the contents into the funnel and let that filter into beaker number five. Using the same technique as above I repeated the same thing to beakers number two through four and poured them into beakers number six through eight. Once this was done I observed beakers five through eight and wrote down my observations into the Table. Experiment 2: Water Treatment We add 100 mL of soil to the 250 mL beaker, and fill to the 200 mL mark with water. Then we move the soil solution back and forth between the two 250 mL beakers a total of 15 times. We will use10 mL of the contaminated water into a clean 100 mL beaker, and compare it to the â€Å"treated† water at the end of the filtration process. We 10 grams of alum to the 250 mL beaker containing the â€Å"contaminated† water and slowly stir the mixture with a wooden stir stick for 1-2 minutes and let the solution sit for 15 minutes. Then rinse out the empty 250 mL beaker and place the funnel into the beaker. Use four layers of cheesecloth that can line the funnel. Put cheesecloth inside funnel. Pour 40 mL of sand into the cheesecloth-lined funnel, 20 mL activated charcoal, and 40 mL gravel. Use a 100 mL beaker to measure these amounts. To set the filter, slowly pour clean tap water through the filter until the funnel is full. Remove the clean water from the beaker and repeat four more times. Return the funnel to the top of the beaker and let sit for 5 minutes befor e emptying the beaker and continuing the experiment. Without mixing up the current sediment in the â€Å"contaminated† water jar, pour about 3/4 of the â€Å"contaminated† water into the funnel. Let it filter through the funnel into the beaker for 5 minutes. Note the smell of the filtered water, comparing it to the 10 mL sample taken from the mixture in Step 3. Remove the filter and add a few drops of bleach solution to the filtered water within the beaker. Stir the water and bleach combination slowly for about 1 minute. Experiment 3: Drinking Water Quality Label three 250 mL beakers Tap Water, and bottle water (Fiji and Dasani). Pour 100 mL of the each type of water into the corresponding beakers. Ammonia, Chloride, Four in one, Phosphate, and Iron Test Strip test Find the ammonia test strips. Begin by placing the test strip into the tap water sample and briskly moving the strip up and down in the water for 30 seconds, making sure that the pads on the test strip are always immersed. Remove the test strip from the water and shake off the extra water. Hold the test strip level, with the pad side up, for 30 seconds. 6. Read the results by turning the test strip so the pads are facing away from you. Compare the color of the small pad to the color chart at the end of the lab. Record your results in the table Repeat the procedure for both bottled water. Results Experiment 1: Effects of Groundwater Contamination Table 1: Water Observations (Smell, Color, Etc.) Beaker | Observations | Beaker 1: Water is clear, no smell Beaker 2: No smell, color is almost clear. Water did not mix well, created small bubbles. Oil separated from the water. Beaker 3: No color and water is clear. It also has a smell of vinegar. Beaker 4: Has a smell of perfume and the water turned green. Beaker 5: Water turned brown in color some soil residue at the bottom. Has a smell of wet dirt. Beaker 6: The water change to a light brown color. The soil has filtered out some of the oil, because some of the oil was left behind. Some residue of soil was at the bottom. Smells like wet dirt. Beaker 7: Water still smell like vinegar and smell like dirt, brown in color and residue of soil is at the bottom. Beaker 8: Water has a perfume smell, the water is brown and light green mixed. Made light suds and bubbles, with the residue of dirt at the bottom. Discussion Why do we buy bottle water when tap water is the same thing? People buy more bottler water now than ever before. Do we really think that it is safer to drink? The answer is no. Doing this experiment has proven that there is really not much of a difference between the two. While doing my experiment if find out that bottle water and tap water have just about the same levels of iron, ammonia, chloride, phosphate, and etc. I found that everyday chemicals that we use can contaminant our water supply and could have potential to be harmful if the water is not treated for human consumption. According to the results, only beaker with the vinegar came out to where you will be able to potential drink the water. Conclusions What I found to be the most interesting thing in this experiment is that vinegar helped purify the water so that it could be drinkable. All the contaminants that were used were found to make the filtered water dirty and did not help in purifying the water. I concluded that we need to find a way to get the contaminants out of the water , even bottle water so that our children do not have to deal with the health problems that could be associated with drinking contaminated water. References: Basic Information about E. coli O157:H7 in Drinking Water. (n.d.). Retrieved May 8, 2015, from http://water.epa.gov/drink/contaminants/basicinformation/ecoli.cfm Renner, R. (2009). Out of Plumb, Environmental Health Perspectives. 117(12), A542-A547. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2799485/ Ross, B., Parrott, K., Woods, J. (2009, May 1) Household Water Quality: Water Quality Problems Causes and Treatments. Retrieved May 7, 2015. http://pubs.ext.vt.edu/356/356-482/356-482.html Skip Menu. (n.d.). Retrieved May 9, 2015, from http://pubs.ext.vt.edu/356/356-482/356-482.html Water contamination. (n.d.). Retrieved May 8, 2015, from http://extoxnet.orst.edu/faqs/safedrink/watercon.htm

Admiral Kurtz In Apocalypase Now :: essays research papers

Admiral Kurtz Apocalypse Now is a film about madness. In this film, Willard, played by Charlie Sheen, is sent through madness, reminiscent of Dantes' journey through hell. His mission is to kill Kurtz, who’s gone insane according to military intelligence. Kurtz has gone on his own, starting his own society in Cambodia, where his troops and the local tribes worship him as a god. Kurtz has committed murder by waging his own ferocious, independent war against Vietnamese intelligence agents with his own native Montagnard army across the border in an ancient Cambodian temple deep in the jungle. General Corman explains the confused insanity of the war: "In this war, things get confused out there, power, ideals, the old morality, and practical military necessity." The colonel has become a self-appointed, worshipped godlike leader/dictator of a renegade native tribe. General Corman describes Kurtz's temptation to be deified: "Because there's a conflict in every human heart between th e rational and the irrational, between the good and the evil. The good does not always triumph. Sometimes the dark side overcomes what Lincoln called the better angels of our nature. Therein, man has got a breaking point. You and I have. Walter Kurtz has reached his. And very obviously, he has gone insane." Kurtz’s motivation behind his actions is his need to feel godlike, to act without judgment. In Kurtz' camp, a site of primitive evil, they are greeted by a crazed, hyperactive, fast-talking, spaced-out free lance photo-journalist played by Dennis Hoper. The babbling combat photographer, garlanded by his camera equipment, hopes for their sake, that they haven't come to take away Colonel Kurtz. He describes the great awe all the natives have for their jungle lord: "Out here, we're all his children." The photojournalist appears to be a fanatical follower of Kurtz, worshipping the enigmatic, genius "poet-warrior" Kurtz as a personal god and expounding Kurtz's cause: "You don't talk to the Colonel, you listen to him. The man's enlarged my mind. He's a poet-warrior in the classic sense...I'm a little man. He's a great man. I should have been a pair of ragged claws, scuttling across floors of silent seas, I mean...He can be terrible. He can be mean. And he can be right. He's fighting a war. He's a great man." He offers first-hand advice from his own e xperience: "Play it cool, laid back...You don't judge the Colonel." Willard is impressed by Kurtz's power over the people.

sarah bernhardt :: essays research papers fc

  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚     Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Sarah Bernhardt was one of the stage’s most admired actresses. She was born in Paris, France where she became a star and later traveled the world touring. Bernhardt didn’t start out as the best but did rise to the success she is known for today. She was known for her romantic looks and her melodious voice, her natural acting style and sometimes her tempestuous attitude. Bernhardt lived quite a life, from her many famous lovers, her fabulous clothing, and her travels performing on stages all over the world and even becoming a star of silent movies. She was what we know today as a â€Å"drama queen† in many ways. She wasn’t successful right away, but did rise to her stardom. As stated in The Divine Sarah, even Sigmund Freud who saw her in a performance (Sardou’s Theodora) has said â€Å"†¦I believed at once everything she said†¦, it is incredible what postures she can assume and how every limb and joint acts with her.â⠂¬    Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Sarah Bernhardt was born Henriette Rosine Bernard in 1844 to women named Julie Bernard, who was of Jewish descent and little is known about her father. What is known about her mother, is that she was a legendary courtesan and was rarely home, and when she was home, there were always rich men around. Sarah was a wild child who, when she wasn’t sick, did what she wanted and threw many temper tantrums. Her mother wanted Sarah to follow in her footsteps and entertain men for money, the idea made Sarah sick (although later she learned that there is a thin line between acting and prostituting), she told her mom she was to become a nun. That all changed when she saw Racine’s Britannicus at the Comedie Francaise. She planned on attending the Conservatoire, and in 1860 she did where she was trained for two years.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  In 1862, at the age of 18 she made her first debut as the lead in Racine’s Iphigenie. Sarah often suffered from stage fright and her dire performance received some bad reviews. According to Gold and Fizdale, Francisque Sarcey, Paris’s most powerful critic, was quoted to say â€Å"[she] is remarkably beautiful. She carries herself well and pronounces her words with perfect clarity. That is all that can be said at the moment.† Her next appearance was in Scribe’s Valerie which was virtually unnoticed, and her third debut in Moliere’s Les Femmes Savantes was not any better.

Refuge Camps :: essays research papers

â€Å"Refuge Camps†   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  There is a foreboding and ongoing crisis facing several third world countries today. This crisis is the rising amount of famine and health ailments that affect hundreds of thousands of individuals that face malnutrition, poverty, and several other serious problems that you will find in developing countries. Countless diseases plague today’s world and the people who are most vulnerable to these diseases are also the ones that need the most help. Despite the lack of funds and limited aid available to these people, there is hope. A group by the name of Doctors Without Borders is a non-profit organization that provides free health care in Refugee camps to the great amount of need and helpless individuals that populate our world. Doctors Without Borders (DWB) is comprised of fully qualified and credentialed medical doctors from around the world. They travel internationally educating broad audiences by offering seminars and lectures based on their goal and purpose. The organization is also composed of 2,000 volunteers who are enrolled and sent out annually throughout the world. The organization's main goal is to aid the several million refugees that reside in numerous developing countries. These refugees flee from their countries due to natural disasters, extreme poverty and persecution that infects their home countries. DWB helps these individuals by setting up camps and shelters where they can seek refuge. The camps that DWB setup provide everything needed for survival. They provide clean water and healthy food for all the refugees. Since water and food is limited at the camps, refugees are only provided with minimal supplies for survival. There is a medical station, where they provide all the necessary vaccines and treatments for most illnesses and diseases. The refugees are given identification cards, which they need to show in order to get food and water. The camps are well organized and all the members work together to provide an adequate living environment These are many dangerous diseases that infect third world countries and Refugee camps. Two of these are cholera and malaria. Cholera is a very dangerous disease that affects a lot of the refugees. Cholera is very contagious and about 50% of people infected with the bacteria die. In underdeveloped countries like Africa, diseases are everywhere. Most cholera deaths occur due to poor sanitation. In one incident, in Rwanda, there was an estimated 1000 deaths per day caused by cholera. If caught in time it can be cured.

What is a monopoly and what is required

Monopoly is at the opposite end of the spectrum of market models from perfect competition. A monopoly firm has no rivals. It is the only firm in its industry. There are no close substitutes for the good or service a monopoly produces. Not only does a monopoly firm have the market to itself, but it also need not worry about other firms entering. In the case of monopoly, entry by potential rivals is prohibitively difficult. A monopoly does not take the market price as given; it determines its own price.It selects from its demand curve the price that corresponds to the quantity the firm has hosen to produce in order to earn the maximum profit possible. In assuming there is one firm in a market, we assume there are no other firms producing goods or services that could be considered part of the same market as that of the monopoly firm. The result is a model that gives us important insights into the nature of the choices of firms and their impact on the economy. There are some Advantages o f a Monopoly. The Monopolies avoids duplications and hence wastage of resources.Enjoys economics of scale, due to it being the only supplier of the product or service n the market, makes many profits and be used for research and development to maintain their status as a monopoly. They also use price discrimination to benefit the weaker economic section of society. To avoid competition, they can afford to invest in the latest technology and machinery. There are some Disadvantages of a Monopoly. Monopolies have poor levels of service, there is no consumer sovereignty, the consumers are charged high prices for such low quality goods, and lack of competition could lead to low quality goods, as well as out dated goods.First off, any arket type can see super normal profits in the short-run. What is more important is what happens in the end. Pure monopolies are not the only monopoly that can make profits. Natural Monopoly or a price discriminating monopoly can make profits as well. The onl y difference between them is â€Å"why' they are monopolies to begin with. Oligopolies are not monopolies, although they do tend to make above normal profits. Monopolistic competition does not yield these types of profits in the end. Economic profit goes to zero here in the end because there is a lack of barriers here to prevent competition from entering.

Factors to Take Into Account When Planning Healthy and Safe Indoor and Outdoor Environments and Services Essay

There are a number of important principles to think about when you are planning for healthy and safe environments or activities with children and young people. Most of these are common sense – just remember: everyone is an individual and may have particular needs. If you are clear about the following points it will become second nature to include safety in your planning. †¢Every child is an individual – with different needs depending on their age and abilities. You must think about this when planning activities, for example when they involve physical play, or if more consideration must be given to the needs of a child who has just become mobile than to an older child, when planning room layouts. †¢Some children have specific needs such as sensory impairments; for example think about the challenges to a child with limited hearing understanding explanations about safety. †¢The different needs of families and carers must be considered. †¢Always be clear about why you are using the environment in question, the activities a child encounters and what sorts of services are offered. †¢The duty of care of a setting to children, parents and carers is a legal obligation. You should always have the child’s safety and welfare uppermost in your mind when planning. †¢The desired outcomes for the child and young people are the starting point. Most activities with children and young people should have clear aims and objectives that are based around the required outcomes linked to their age; for example the EYFS for children under 5 years of age. †¢Lines of responsibility and accountability: everyone employed in a setting has a responsibility for the health and safety of children and staff, but there should be clear reporting responsibilities (Tassoni et al, 2010). All children should be given equal opportunities and this should be remembered in the learning environment. All pupils, including those with special needs, should be considered when planning and setting out materials and resources. The environment may often need to be adapted for the needs of particular children within the class. Factors to be considered include the following: †¢Light – This may need to be adjusted or teaching areas changed if a visually impaired pupil’s eyes are light sensitive. †¢Accessibility – A pupil in a wheelchair needs to have as much access to classroom facilities as others. Furniture and resources may need to be moved to allow for this. †¢Sound – Some pupils may be sensitive to sounds, for example a child on the autistic spectrum who is disturbed by loud or unusual noises. It is not always possible for such noises to be avoided, but teaching assistants need to be aware of the effect that they can have on pupils (Burnham, 2007). The Learning Environment The emotional environment †¢The emotional environment is created by all the people in the setting, but adults have to ensure that it is warm and accepting of everyone. †¢Adults need to empathise with children and support their emotions. †¢When children feel confident in the environment they are willing to try things out, knowing that effort is valued. †¢When children know that their feelings are accepted they learn to express them, confident that adults will help them with how they are feeling. The outdoor environment †¢Being outdoors has a positive impact on children’s sense of well-being and helps all aspects of children’s development. †¢Being outdoors offers opportunities for doing things in different ways and on different scales than when indoors. †¢It gives children first-hand contact with weather, seasons and the naturalworld. †¢Outdoor environments offer children freedom to explore, use their senses, and be physically active and exuberant. The indoor environment †¢The indoor environment provides a safe, secure yet challenging space for children. †¢For some children, the indoor environment is like a second ‘home’, providing a place for activity, rest, eating and sleeping. †¢The indoor environment contains resources which are appropriate, well maintained and accessible for all children. †¢Indoor spaces are planned so that they can be used flexibly and an appropriate range of activities is provided. Effective practice †¢Understand that some children may need extra support to express their feelings and come to terms with them. †¢Encourage children to help to plan the layout of the environment and to contribute to keeping it tidy. †¢Ensure that children have opportunities to be outside on a daily basis all year round. †¢Help children to understand how to behave outdoors and inside by talking about personal safety, risks and the safety of others. †¢Create an indoor environment that is reassuring and comforting for all children, while providing interest through novelty from time to time. †¢Where possible link the indoor and outdoor environments so that children can move freely between them. Challenges and dilemmas †¢Finding ways to promote the importance and value of the outdoor environment to all those involved in the setting, for example, the senior management team, other professionals, staff and parents. †¢Meeting the needs of children of different ages in a shared outdoor space. †¢Overcoming problems in accessing and using the outdoor environment because of the design or organisation of the building. †¢Ensuring the indoor environment is ‘homely’ enough to feel comfortable while providing an environment suitable for learning (Child Development Guide, 2007).