Discussing Database Management Systems E Business Information Technology Essay

Discussing Database Management Systems E Business Information Technology Essay Software systems or computer software which is used to create, modify, maintain, provide controlled access to user database. According to Mullins, 2002 It enables end users 7 application programmes to share data, it enables data to be shared among multiple applications rather than propagated stored in new files for every new applications. For e.g. Online banking systems uses database management systems, Big hospitals uses database management systems to keep the track record of their patients details, their history etc. Database management systems based on the variety of models of distribution architectures such as the widely used Client/Server architecture and centralized architecture among others as also the database models such as Relational Model and the XML Model etc. First DBMS systems were used for primary for large complex ventures such as Apollo moon landing projects. Such operations were too expensive to contemplate anyway, as in that era most data was stored on magnetic tape 1970s Relational DBMS During this decade DBMS became a commercial reality. The hierarchical network database systems were developed they are generally regarded as first generation DBMS. They are still widely used. But have limitation, like difficulty in accessing to data, very limited data independence, not widely accepted. 1980s E.F.Codd others developed the relational data model during the 1970. This was second generation DBMS. With relational model all data were represented in form of tables. This has widespread commercial acceptance diffused throughout the business world in 1980s. SQL is the fourth generation language which is used for data retrieval. 1990s Object oriented database. This decade was the new era of computing, first with client/server, data warehousing internet application which became increasingly important. Largely structured, multimedia data became increasingly common during the 1990s. Both relational object oriented database are still of great importance. 2000 Beyond. The ability to manage increasingly complex data. Multidimensional data considerably importance in data warehouse application. Development of universal servers based on object relational DBMS. Especially important to internet application. Fully distributed database became a reality, centralization of database will continue. The lower cost of high performance computing also encourages centralization. Content-addressable storage will become more popular. User can retrieve data by specifying the data they desire. For e.g. a user can query any detail in Google site can have the computer search for the closest match to that photo. Working on developing data mining algorithms that scale to handle very large data sets which help to analyze data efficiently. Improving abilities to discern patterns, trends, correlation about customers, employees, products suppliers will influence strategic decision making by organisation. The proliferation of the PDAS will lead to improved synchronization of small databases improvement of wireless transmission. The use of web services will become more widespread as reliable XML web services more available. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Database_management_system#Overview Function of Database management systems. There are several functions that a DBMS performs to ensure data integrity and consistency of data in the database. Data dictionary management: Data Dictionary is where the DBMS stores definitions of the data elements and their relationships (metadata). The DBMS uses this function to look up the required data component structures and relationships Data storage management: This particular function is used for the storage of data and any related data entry forms or screen definitions, report definitions, data validation rules, procedural code, and structures that can handle video and picture formats Security management: This is one of the most important functions in the DBMS. Security management sets rules that determine specific users that are allowed to access the database Multiuser access control, Multiuser access control is a very useful tool in a DBMS, it enables multiple users to access the database simultaneously without affecting the integrity of the database. Backup and recovery management: Backup and recovery is brought to mind whenever there is potential outside threats to a database. Backup management refers to the data safety and integrity; for example backing up all your mp3 files on a disk. Data integrity management, The DBMS enforces these rules to reduce things such as data redundancy, which is when data is stored in more than one place unnecessarily, and maximizing data consistency, making sure database is returning correct/same answer each time for same question asked. Database access languages application programming interfaces: A query language is a nonprocedural language. An example of this is SQL (structured query language). SQL is the most common query language supported by the majority of DBMS vendors. The use of this language makes it easy for user to specify what they want done without the headache of explaining how to specifically do it Database communication interfaces: This refers to how a DBMS can accept different end user requests through different network environments. An example of this Can be easily related to the internet. A DBMS can provide access to the database using the Internet through Web Browsers (Mozilla Firefox, Internet Explorer, and Netscape). http://databasemanagement.wikia.com/wiki/DBMS_Functions Types of Database Management Systems: Database management has become important part of every company that has got data to be managed handled. There are two types of database. Server database. Desktop database. Advantages of Database management systems: Controls Data redundancy Consistency Improved data integrity Easy to access data and maintain it Provides backup recover services Increase in productivity concurrency Disadvantages of database management systems: Maintain data are Complex Maintaining the database systems are very costly, for e.g. the server database is mainly connected with multiuser application have greater reliability data consistency. It is costlier than desk top database operates on high performance servers. There is high risk of failure. CHAPTER-2 E-Business: According to IBM (www.ibm.com/e-business) e-business (ebizNis) the transformation of key business processes through the use of Internet technologies. The key business processes referred to in the IBM definitions are the organizational processes. They include research and development, marketing, manufacturing and inbound and outbound logistics. Louis Gerstner, the former CEO of IBM, in his book, Who Says Elephants Cant Dance? Attributes the term e-Business to IBMs marketing and Internet teams in 1996. Stiller A (2003) related that Sussis (2000) an e-commerce consultant, stated that as businesses move into significant e-businesses, good planning strategies, design and implementation becomes more and more essential. E-business (electronic business), derived from such terms as e-mail and e-commerce, is the conduct of business on the Internet, not only buying and selling but also servicing customers and collaborating with business partners. Today, major corporations are rethinking their businesses in terms of the Internet and its new culture and capabilities. Companies are using the Web to buy parts and supplies from other companies, to collaborate on sales promotions, and to do joint research. E-business can be conducted using the Web, the Internet, intranets, extranets, or some combination of these. E-Business will impact business process, technology and organizational structure E-Business opportunities exist in: Sales Marketing Product Development Supply Chain Management Procurement Support Processes People Enablement For example Amazon (www.amazon.com) and eBay (www.ebay.com) are the worlds two biggest e-businesses. Types of e-business or e-commerce: B2B (business to business) business communications with other businesses like the direct placement of purchase orders. B2C (business to consumer) business communications with consumers through sales completed from a business website (e-commerce) or a regular newsletter. B2G (business to government) business communications with government like online taxation lodgements. P2P technology enables internet users to share files computer resources. Music file sharing services such as Gnutella are the prime examples of this type of e-commerce. M-commerce involves the use of wireless digital devices to enable the transaction on the web. http://www.smallbiz.nsw.gov.au/run/it/pages/ebiz.aspx Benefits/Advantages of E-Business: Business whether small or big are using the internet in their own ways. To work with partners and suppliers, for procurement, for internal activities such as knowledge sharing and new product development, and much more. Companies such as United Technologies, J. Sainsbury, General Electric and many others are reporting benefits from the use of the Internet. These benefits include: improved speed of response; cost savings; improved communications, information and knowledge sharing; reductions in inventory; improved efficiency and productivity; harmonisation and standardisation of procedures; better transfer of best practices; acquisition of new customers and increased sales; improved customer service Removes Location and Availability Restrictions Reduces Time and Money Spent http://www.ecommerceeducation.com/benefits-of-ecommerce.asp http://www.smallbiz.nsw.gov.au/run/it/pages/benefits.aspx Barriers to E-business: Security encryption; Trust risk; Lack of qualified personal; Lack of business models; Culture; Legal Issues; Fraud risk of loss; Internet/web is too slow not dependable. Constantly change in technology, which is always costly. {Source by: Veljko MilutinoviĆ¡, Frà ©dà ©ric Patricelli (2002) E-business and e-challenges; IOS PRESS; page 10} CHAPTER-3 ROLE OF DBMs IN e-BUSINESS: Every big or small organization is now trying their hands on DBMs to remain competitive in their respective fields. Every organisation which is big or at its starting stage wants to have their own DBMs as they dont want themselves to be left behind. To function in an e-business environment, an organization has to have a good command of knowledge on its markets, customers, products and services, methods and processes, competitors, employee skills and its regulatory environment. The term E-business is used in two main ways within organizations. The first is as a concept which can be applied to strategy and operations. Secondly E-business is used as an adjective to describe businesses that mainly operate online, i.e. they have no physical presence on the high-streets and seek to minimize customer-service and support through enabling web self-service. Educational institution, public government organisation, private enterprises which require large databases to store informations are using DBMs in their business. Every day some or the other organisation is building database application or re-constructing the older version, for making these application there are two ways; Microsoft products such as .net platform or Visual BASIC with an Open Database Connectivity (ODBC) driver connected to SQL Server the other is JSP/Java Server with a JDBC driver in DBMSs such as Oracle or IBM DB2 on the Unix, Linux and Windows platforms. Sabre airline reservation system was introduced in 1964 which was the first large scale DMBs for airline industry. Both airline travelling agents depends on sabre other reservation systems like Apollo. These database contain information about flight seats of most commercial airlines, permitting co-ordination of reservation. Now days every airline company has their own database where they do lot of work. Database helps their customers to book their itineraries fares. It has became lot easy for the customers to sit in the comfort of home enjoy the services. These databases help the airline industry to grow doubling their profits. DBMS is important to the operations of e-Business because it provides the organisation with the tools to make relevant and concrete decisions concerning the business. With a touch of button, hundreds of data stored in its database about a transaction, product or customer can be extracted, viewed, or amended The DBMS enables the e-Business to reduce waste in that majority of the traditional approach of doing business in the file-based era has been reduced. For e.g. in customer service industry the DBMs helps them to maintain the records information about the customers. For instance all banks have online telephone banking services provided for their customers as they keep track every record every minute details of the customers. Database management systems are widely used by the information technology in computer manufacturing business, the DBMs help them in understanding their customers need like in some website of a computer manufacturing companies we can virtually customize or make changes in laptops we can purchase make payments online get our laptops within couple of days. Conclusion In todays world e-business is extremely important for many reasons. Some of which is due to the fact it can speed the whole process of ordering etc. up. This then means that the lead time can be decreased because the ordering of products can be done much more quickly, particularly because the Internet is a fast running wide area network. The Internet has completely reshaped customer relationships. The transformation began with the dot-com boom, which spawned a new type of company whose entire business model was predicated on Web acceptance and usage. These companies Yahoo (Nasdaq: YHOO), Amazon (Nasdaq: AMZN), eBay (Nasdaq: EBAY) and Google (Nasdaq: GOOG) took advantage of the Web in all aspects of their business. Soon, traditional brick-and-mortar enterprises realized that to survive, they too had to satisfy customer expectations to procure goods and services over the Internet. e-business has been benefited by DBMs a lot. But a lot work has to be done in developing more database application which are more user friendly, analytical practical. Lot of work has to be done in security issues of this e-business organisation as they have lot of personal information regarding their customers, to eliminate the fraud which is easily done by the hackers as they have access to these databases or can break the access codes use the valuable information. Up gradation of the databases websites should be always done so that these e-businesses would attract lot of customers. E-business is the future of all the organisation, as the world is get closer so does the business, to stay in the competition companies must adapt to new technologies.

Paris Peace Conference Essay -- World War II WWII WW2

It has been almost a century since the first Paris Peace Conference was hold, but even until now, it is a popular yet also controversial event in the history of the world. The Paris Peace Conference took place in 1919 involving more than 1,000 representatives from over 30 nations. The results of the Conference are five treaties regarding terms that, according to the Conference, shall prevent any upcoming conflicts among nations. Although World War II started only after 15 years, nonetheless, the treaties did function as a buffer between countries. Although many resolutions were discussed, the negotiation of the Conference revolves around four main topics, reparation from the previous war losses or limitations on the main Central Power, Germany, self-recognition, President Woodrow Wilson's Fourteen Points, and the annexation of land. The war reparation resolution was proposed by both Australia and the United Kingdom, and eventually became Article 231 of Treaty of Versailles. The article assigned complete blame for the war to Germany, required Germany to accept full responsibilities for causing the war, and must pay a set of reparation appointed by the Great Powers. The reparation impositions were considered to be retaliation to the reparation forced upon France by Germany in the Treaty of Frankfurt after the Franco-Prussian War. The recompense form of the war varies among different forms, from coal, steel, and gold, to intellectual property. According to the treaty, Germany will finish paying off the reparation in year 2020. The reparation, no doubt, is only another indirect way of limiting Germany's growth in any field possible and has added another pair of shackle on the already weakened Germany economy, some historians beli... ...ris Peace Conference, the nations which proposed an annexation of land as a resolution even reached the number of six, causing strong power struggles and tensions among nations, which defeats the original purpose of the Paris Peace Conference. The problem of Asia has also aroused in the Paris Peace Conference, whether or not China should be returned its sovereign authority from Japan. Chinese outrage this problem through a cultural movement, the May Fourth Movement that influenced China not to sign the treaty. The Paris Peace Conference ended at January 16th, 1919 with five treaties signed and eight new independent nations born. Although the Paris Peace Conference has ended more than 80 years ago, no one can deny its impact on the world after decades. The human history would've definitely be changed forever if any of the results in the Conference is different.

Media Violence and its Effect on Children Essay -- Youth Kids TV

media violence and its effects on children Introduction Communications technology is expanding through the entire global community (Dyson 2). Children everywhere are being born into a world of images and messages, which are largely separated from their home, school and spiritual lives (Dyson 2). In society today storytellers are seldom parents, grandparents, teachers or the clergy; instead they are the handful of distant forces with something to sell (Dyson 2). What is unique about the media industry is that in global and corporate domination they have become part of our culture as well as our identity (Dyson 3). Social scientists and child advocates have been exploring the effects of media for decades, yet it is only recently that the concern has generated a public debate (Bok 3). Historical Disagreements concerning the effect of violence revealed in works of art and entertainment have resonated over the centuries (Bok 41). We must ask ourselves whether or not our versions of entertainment exhibits anymore violence then past forms of rec reation, for example gladiatorial games or public hangings (Bok 23). Plato viewed human life as a pilgrimage from the appearance to reality (Bok 41). He also believed that a piece of art had to be strictly censored when they depicted any form of evil and cruelty (Bok 41). When an artist imitated what was bad, they add to the sum of badness in the world (Bok 41). Both Plato and Aristotle pointed out, we as humans do find delight in representations of objects and emotions that would consider different from real life; most of us agree with Aristotle in refusing to believe that they are corrupt (Bok 41). The Romans remain the prototype for violent entertainment at its most extreme (Bok 17). It was a culture, which sanctioned tradition, foreign conquest was a domestic culture, and weapons were easily available (Bok 17). The treatment of newborns and slaves within the home extended to crucifixions and other brutal punishments (Bok 17). Though on a whole the Romans did not criticize their choice of entertainment, one philosopher, Seneca, did. To exhibit the slaughter of eighteen elephants in the Circus, pitting criminals against them in a mimic battle [and] thought it a notable kind of spectacle to kill human beings after a new fashion. Do they fight to the death? That is not enough! Are they torn to pieces? That is not Eno... ...103). In regard to the effects of media violence on children and young adults, such works challenge our instinctive denial of our most primative layers of fear and aggression (Bok 28). Bibliography Works Cited and Consulted Bok, Sissela. Mayhem. Massachusetts: Perseus Books. 1998. Dyson, Rose A. Mind Abuse:Media Violence in an Information Age. Montreal: Black Rose Books. 2000. Herr, Kathryn G., ed. Rating Electronic Games:Violence is in the Eye of the Beholder. Ohio: Sage Publications Inc. 1993. Ledingham, Jane E. The Effects of Television on Children. Ottawa: National Clearinghouse on Family Violence and Prevention Division. 1993. Leone, Bruce. Violence in the Media. San Diego: Greenhouse Press. 1995. Morse, Jodie. "Ne year Later: Can We prevent another Columbine?." [www.newsweek.com] 24 April 2000. Rosenblatt, Roger. "Works of the Trench Coat". [www.newsweek.com] 2000. Russell, Nick. Morals and the Media: Ethics in Canadian Journalism. Vancouver: UBC Press. 1995. Singer, Benjamin D. ed. Communications in Canadian Society. Toronto: International Thomson Pub. 1995. Smith, Nigel. Violence in Society. Turin: Wayland Publishers Limited.1995.

Purpose of satisfying the audience Essay

   On the other hand this is effective because it appeals to the audience and influences their views on Lohan, because it appeals to the audience making them envious of her. In the article from ‘Cosmopolitan’ Jennifer is more in control and has a more appropriate picture for her target audience which is women from 20-30 where as the picture from ‘sugar’ is suited for young adults from 13-17. The image of Jennifer is natural and has a sharp focus with a light background to make her stand out more. Jennifer looks like the glamorous one as she says that she no longer has to try hard to please others. This is because her hair is tied back just like herself tied away from the publicity. Her hair is tidy and neat like herself and it is unlike Lindsay’s hair. Lopez is also smiling at you being more welcoming and approachable whereas Lindsay looks rebellious and standoffish which gives â€Å"Cosmopolitan† readers a good impression. The article meets the purpose of entertaining the audience using imagery. The purpose of Lohan’s article is to introduce Lindsay and make the target audience who are teenagers, more drawn in and interested in Lindsay’s life t. The tag which is a piece of small text that tells you about the article, works in favour of promoting both celebrities. In Lindsay’s case; â€Å"†¦ an alleged love for booze and bad boys†¦ Lindsay’s not your average Hollywood A-lister†¦ â€Å". â€Å"Sugar† uses quick chatty informal language and the use of â€Å"booze† which is colloquial language. It also uses words like â€Å"nope† and â€Å"stuffin† helps to sell and promote her. When ‘sugar’ uses these types of phrases appeals to teenagers who tend to read quick easy and short texts. Whereas in Lopez’s article the use of formal words like â€Å"speculation† and â€Å"identifies† and longer sentences are appropriate to entertain and satisfy the audience which are adults. They are more effective to the target audience making them feel the magazine is made just for them, but advertising the celebrities at the same time. The articles are trying to publicize Jennifer and Lindsay by putting a positive light on them. Both the articles satisfy the audience because they tell you about an everyday situation and problem. For example the celebrity’s love life but it is more alluring because it is based and happening to a celebrity and it is easier to compare with our own lives. In Lindsay’s situation it’s all about her wanting a boyfriend, however in Lopez’s view it’s more about her former boyfriends and the fact that now she’s at the age where she doesn’t need men, which appeal to adults. The text is in favour of Lindsay, we can see this because the article talks about her life and the gossip talk that teenagers are interested in. â€Å"a reported fling with Fred durst (well who hasn’t? ) The article is talking about Lindsay’s relationship, they point the finger at Fred making it seem normal to go out with different boys, saying what Lindsay is doing is right. Which is a popular subject in teenage talk, appealing to the target audience? There is a great contradiction with her wanting to be normal. ‘Sugar’ says â€Å"Hollywood clones sport blonde hair, spray on tans and skinny bods†¦ And, well, normal figure† here sugar says that Lindsay stands out because she doesn’t look like other celebrities. She is no longer a red head or has a curvy figure but looks like a Hollywood clone. This is effective to the audience because the target audience are being entertained with this contradiction. She no longer stands out or is not normal in her figure and looks. The anchorage which is a small piece of text at the bottom of a page next to Lohan’s picture, gives an extra feature which supports the view of Lohan being important. â€Å"Apparently Colin Farrell turned down the lovely Lindsay when did he get so fussy† The anchorage is pointing the finger at Farrell, making him look bad but in my view it just makes Lindsay look more desperate and in need of promotion. Farrell is a celebrity known for his popularity for dating all girls. Whereas Jennifer Lopez doesn’t seem to need it, because she has so many years of experience in the celebrity light. The desperation of Lindsay Lohan is more apparent now because she looks like another Hollywood clone, she’s become skinny and blonde just like her friend Paris Hilton ( a popular super model) from looking healthy uniquely beautiful to skinny and blonde. In other words selling herself more then she needs to. She is contradicting herself because in the article when she’s asked about dieting she says â€Å"NO!†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ its sad how people have become so aware of how they look†, but now she’s completely changed herself. The two articles entertain, inform and sell the celebrities lives in a positive light and satisfy the audience using imagery and words appealing to the target audience. In Lohan’s case she is promoting herself to please her target audience using colloquial language and sorter text. Whereas in Lopez’s article, it refers to her love life and puts her in a positive light towards her target audience. Using longer words, formal language and text. The type of language and the length of the text suits and satisfies the different audiences.

Dolphin 1984

In 1984, he co-founded and led the spin-off company Pain Capital, a highly profitable private equity investment firm that became one of the largest of its kind in the nation. Economy, everyone might wonder what mitt will do and he believes in free enterprise, hard work, and innovation. His plan consist of reduce taxes, spending, regulation, and government programs. Mitt's plan to help The United States of America, is to increase the number in Jobs. Rooney plans to increase trade, energy production, human capital, and labor flexibility. With Rooney in the house, Obama care would be out. Roomers view on healthcare consist of the following: wouldn't affect seniors or those near retirement, would not raise taxes, and support to help the pupil choose between traditional Medicare or private plans.This â€Å"Health Care† Rooney speaks of will provide the same are and medicine like Medicare, but to a coverage. Mitt Rooney is pro-life. He believes that all Americans have a voice, that should not be take away from them. People from whatever background know that millions and millions of abortions happen every year. Rooney would like to go to the Supreme Court and overturn Roe v. Wade. With this in mind, Rooney will have each and every state have their own abortion laws. Rooney will protect the Doctors, nurse, etc. Of Hospitals. Meaning Saint Catherine for example, will not be giving abortions. Rooney will have Judges that know the choice between personal opinion and the law.Rooney believes this statement.. † Why are we taking the lives of the most innocent among Marriage is between one woman and one man, or so believes Mitt Rooney. Rooney says he wants to support traditional marriage. Rooney would like to propose a Federal Marriage Amendment to the Constitution defining marriage as between one man and one woman. Paul Ryan Bio Ryan was born in Janesville,Wisconsin. He was the youngest child in his family of four. His mother Elizabeth and his father Paul Murray Ryan who was a lawyer. Paul is a fifth generation. Ryan attended SST. Marry Catholic in Janesville, where he was elected president of his Junior class, and then became prom king.As class president Ryan was a representative of the student body on the school board. Following his sophomore year, Ryan took a Job working the grill at McDonald's. He was on his Nicholls ski,track,and varsity soccer teams and played basketball in a Catholic recreational league. He also participated in several academic and social clubs including the Model United Nations. When he was 16, Ryan found his 55 year old father lying dead in bed off heart attack. ISSUES: Mitt Rooney Taxes Reducing and stabilizing federal spending is essential, but breathing life into the resent anemic recovery will also require fixing the nation's tax code to focus on Jobs and growth.To repair the nation's tax code, marginal rates must be brought down to stimulate entrepreneurship, Job creation, and investment, while still raising the revenue needed to fund a smaller, smarter, simpler government. The principle of fairness must be preserved in federal tax and spending policy. Individual Taxes America's individual tax code applies relatively high marginal tax rates on a narrow tax base. Those high rates discourage work and entrepreneurship, as well as savings ND investment. With 54 percent of private sector workers employed outside of corporations, individual rates also define the incentives for Job-creating businesses. Lower marginal tax rates secure for all Americans the economic gains from tax reform. Make permanent, across-the-board 20 percent cut in marginal rates * Maintain current tax rates on interest, dividends, and capital gains * Eliminate taxes for taxpayers with GAG below $200,000 on interest, dividends, and capital gains * Eliminate the Death Tax * Repeal the Alternative Minimum Tax (MAT) Corporate Taxes The U. S. Economy's 35 percent corporate tax rate is among the highest in the industrial world , reducing the ability of our nation's businesses to compete in the global economy and to invest and create Jobs at home. By limiting investment and growth, the high rate of corporate tax also hurts U. S. Wages. * Cut the corporate rate to 25 percent * Strengthen and make permanent the R&D tax credit * Switch to a territorial tax system * Repeal the corporate Alternative Minimum Tax (AM Rooney Immigration Rooney tends to emphasize border security and an immigration system that will benefit the economy.To secure the borders, Rooney wants to complete the construction of a high-tech fence along the Southern border with Mexico. He says he wants enough officers for border security, but does not specify if more, or how many, officers might be needed. Additionally, he wants to improve the â€Å"exit verification† system to make sure that immigrants do not overstay their temporary visas. To retain skilled workers, Rooney proposes offering permanent residency status to foreign student s who obtain an advanced degree in math, science or engineering at a U. S. University. For industries that need and use temporary workers from outside the United States, Rooney wants to reform the temporary worker visa system by removing requirements that slow the process of obtaining the visa.To discourage immigrants from entering the country, or staying in the country, without proper documentation, Rooney would like to develop an improved employment verification system for employers to ensure that they are not hiring unauthorized immigrants. During the race for the Republican nomination, Rooney argued that there would be no need to increase deportations of unauthorized immigrants because implementing a functional employment verification system would make it difficult for them to find a bob and they would â€Å"self deport. † Rooney also opposes â€Å"magnets,† or benefits, for unauthorized immigrants that he believes encourages immigrants to enter the country without authorization. When he was governor of Massachusetts, he vetoed a bill that would allow in-state tuition for unauthorized immigrants and opposed driver's licenses for illegal immigrants.

Digging Gold Essay

Abstract This paper will discuss â€Å"Digging gold† case in detail and provide answers to various questions that arose after studying the case. This research will answer to :the types of pollutions that are generated by the gold mining companies, pollution effect on the environment, governmental regulations that would address the pollution problem, role of NGO’S (Non-governmental organizations) and citizens to reduce environmental effects of gold mining, and the companies who are less or more environmentally responsible. Generally, Gold mining is the process of mining gold from the ground. Keywords: Environment, Digging gold, pollution, responsible Gold is one of the most attractive and a highly valuable metal, known for decades. Gold is used in number of fields such as jewelry, dentistry, modern technological applications, in computer chips, lens surfaces, investments, setting currency value and so on.(R. James Weick, 1994).Gold is found widespread in various natural substances such as, sea water, earth’s crust, sedimentary rocks rivers etc. However,† its overall concentration is very low (about 5 milligrams per ton of rock), rich concentrations of gold, forming ore deposits, are known n throughout the world.†(Dr. Bill Birch). Gold mostly exist with other metals. such as lead, zinc, silver or copper and sometimes found free in nature. Gold takes place in variety of forms such as: wire gold, nail gold, mustard gold , paint gold, disseminated, irregular grains, scales, plates and vein lets with microscopic dimensions, and as larger compact, reticulated, spongy or hackly masses or slugs.(Dr. Bill Birch). So Gold mining is the process of mining gold ores from the ground. It is done in two types: Open pit mining and underground mining. Gold Extraction procss TYPES OF POLLUTION GENERATED BY GOLD MINING Under the classification system presented in the section â€Å"Major Areas of Environmental Regulation† three pollution types are described, such as Air pollution, Land pollution and Water pollution. All these three pollutions are generated by the gold mining companies. Their effect on environment is discussed below: Air pollution: When pollutants are not diluted properly and are emitted into the atmosphere, called air pollution. The process used to extract metal, release very harmful toxins that cause pollution such as: Lead, Sulfur, Nitrogen, Mercury, Zinc, Cadmium, and Uranium. These toxins can result in number of diseases to workers and the local people. The inhalation of such toxins may cause impaired vision, muscle weakness, kidney damage, nerve damage, anemia, metal fume fever etc. (No dirty gold campaign). According to the US Toxics Release Inventory, the metal mining industry in the United States contributed the following, in 2010: * 92% of industrial mercury emission s * 94% of industrial arsenic emissions * 73% of known Carcinogenic waste Water pollution: Water pollution occurs when pollutants are discharged into water bodies without the proper treatment to remove harmful compounds from water. Acid mine drainage, metal contamination, increased levels in streams are the major problems caused by mining to water. These problems affects domestic water supply, irrigation, swimming, fisheries, living organisms ,drinking and various other uses of streams. Acid rain ,caused by iron sulfide that mix with air and water, severe pollution hazard to ground water, surrounding soil and the surface water. (Pollution- issues- mining). Land pollution: Land pollution means damage to land in any form; such as, erosion, formation of sinkholes, deforestation, biodiversity loss, contamination of soil etc. (Wikipedia). Mining needs to clear a large part of the land to be dig, which means that area, can be created by harming vegetation and cutting trees. The chemicals used during mining process are leaked into the land that affect to land. The basic necessities of a living organism are land, water and air. If any  of these is affected, it creates problem for an organism. From above description on pollution effects on environment shows that all three are damaging to the environment equally. But the most endangering is the water pollution because Governmental regulation that effectively concerns the problem: The three alternative approaches discussed in the textbook to address the pollution problems are: Environmental problems, Market based Mechanisms, information disclosure, civil and criminal enforcement. Among these four approaches, information disclosure approach is more effective in case of mining industries to control environment pollution. Reasons in favor of Information Disclosure approach: Under this approach firms are encourage by the government to pollute less by providing information about the amount of pollutant individual companies emit. The various acts like SARA- right to know law and TRI-Toxics Release Inventory provide information to the public, relating to the environment loss lead by a certain company. This approach is effective because no company wants to be criticized and embarrassed in the public. Role of NGO’S and citizens movements The citizen movements and NGO’s can play a vital in reducing the adverse environment effects of the mining companies. The case mention three types of NGO and citizens movements started to reduce the adverse environmental effects of gold mining companies. First is the Romanian citizen’s group called Alburnus Maiors that was initiated by the local farmer and the activist to block the construction of a new gold mine? Second, The Newmont Mining Company was sued by the villagers of Peru, after they were hurt by the mercury spill by a truck. Third, â€Å"No Dirty Gold† campaign was initiated by the Earthworks that were aimed for the jewelry retailers. (Lawrence & Weber, 2014). More and Less environmentally responsible companies Number of companies is mentioned in the case, for example Kennecott,  Tiffany, Canyon Resources and Free port McMoran. More responsible companies: Among these companies, Kennecott and Tiffany are more responsible companies because Kennecott had made a public commitment to sustainability whereas Tiffany had made concern about its public image. Less responsible companies: The companies that are less responsible are Canyon Resources and Freeport Mc Moran in Indonesia. The reason that makes Canyon Resources, less responsible is that it uses destructive methods to extract gold when citizens voted to ban cyanide heap-leach mining. Freeport Mc Moran in Indonesia appears to be doing business with weak environmental laws and enforcement. Conclusion Gold digging and extraction process have a number of effects on environment. â€Å"Gold mining is one of the most environmentally destructive industries in the world.† (Lawrence & Weber, 2014). Following is the list and effects of pollution on environment. References 1. R., James Weick. (1994). Natural Resources: Government of Newfoundland and Labrador- Canada. Geological Survey: Gold Occurrences. 2. Dr. Birch, Bill. Geology of Gold: Formation of Gold: Museum Victoria. 3. Prof. Kakharov, Abrol. (2013).Gold Extraction Process: Diagram. 4. Lawrence, A. & Weber, J. Business and Society: Stakeholders, Ethics, Public Policy (14th Ed.) Managing Environmental Issues. McGraw Hill. 5. No DirtyGoldCampaign:AirImpact.http://nodirtygold.earthworksaction.org/impacts/air. 6. Wikipedia: Environmental Impact of Mining. 7. Mining: Pollution Issues. www.pollutionissues.com/Li-Na/Mining.html.

Media Report Analysis Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Media Report Analysis - Essay Example In December 2009, Lovett was suspended from the football club, and in February 2010, the club terminated his contract. The principal reason given was that he had brought the club into disrepute after sexual assault allegations had been made against him. The precise details of the contract are not provided, but this press release from the football club suggests that by attracting negative media attention, Lovett had done enough to be in breach of certain clauses. However, it is unlikely that this would have been sufficient reason to terminate the contract, given that, as the football club itself emphasises, Lovett remains ‘entitled to the presumption of innocence’. For this reason, however serious the nature of the allegations made against Lovett, to do more than indefinitely suspending the contract pending police investigation would have seemed a disproportionate response to the issue. The Club is therefore careful to emphasise that it is not for them to prejudge on innocence or guilt, which ‘is for the Court to decide’. Instead, what is emphasised is that these charges were not the sole reason for the termination of the contract. The press release therefore refers to ‘a series of acts and omissions in breach of his [Lovett’s] employment contract’. Little detail is given on what these breaches involved, apart from that he failed to fulfil his training commitments, and to maintain sufficient communication with officials at the football Club. While the sexual assault allegations made against him provided valid reason for the suspension of Lovett’s contract until the criminal justice process had taken its course, these breaches do seem to be adequate justification for the termination of the contract. If Lovett failed to turn up to training sessions with the rest of the team, then his performance on the field would clearly suffer, as would his