Challenging Obstacle

Beam Pyle November 18, 2012 Essay #5 College Entry Essay 9:40-Sect. 46; 11:10-Sect. 69 Most Challenging Obstacle: The Death of My Father Most individuals would state that secondary school and opposing companion weight would be the most troublesome errand that they have ever confronted. Well the most testing snag that I needed to defeat was the demise of my dad. My life was flipped around when everything occurred. It incredibly affected me on a physical and mental level. Fortunately this test instructed me to esteem life. It even carried me closer to God and to comprehend that he has an arrangement for all of us.It pushed me to turn out to be progressively decided and propelled in any movement I participate in. Our family is a lot nearer now then we were previously. His demise opened my eyes and my psyche to acknowledge the possibility that you should make every moment count. In addition to the fact that it taught me to live it told me the best way to be certain, solid, decent to ever ybody and everything, and how to welcome the seemingly insignificant details throughout everyday life. This would be the hardest deterrent that I at any point needed to look in my life. Since the time that steadfast day my perspectives on life have changed drastically. Presently I have become increasingly a hopeful individual.Yes, I am progressively idealistic in light of the fact that now I see the genuine excellence of the world that I generally disregarded. At the point when I see pictures of nature it discharges a sentiment of holiness or even comfort. I don’t underestimate life any longer, presently I firmly accept that each life is valuable even the bothersome bugs. His leaving uncovered that as opposed to surging life I should stop from time to time and look at nature. Like a second to absorb everything and grasp the genuine excellence that so much individuals neglect to see. Presently I live at the time as opposed to stressing what the future brings.This difficulty ha s presented to me much progressively close to God. In my petitions I discovered that God required him and that my dad had satisfied his motivation. I realize it sound adage however it is reality and nobody can let me know in an unexpected way. Rather than falling back on tranquilize I went to God and he helped me through the torment. In a manner God has played the job of a caring figure and I am appreciative. I go to chapel all the more regularly and I feel progressively invigorated and revived. This preliminary has indicated me the adoration that God brings to the table and how he will deal with you when your affection ones are gone.God has become a significant factor in my life after my father passed on. My assurance is at the most elevated point it could be. I have this inspiration to endeavor to turn into as well as can be expected. I do these things to make my dad pleased and to respect his inheritance. To be completely forthright, if my dad was alive today I wouldn’t ha ve comprehend taking Advanced Placement courses. I would have depended on my father to thoroughly take care of me including finding and paying for my school. Presently I can gladly say that with this newly discovered assurance I can prevail on my own.For once in my life I am really examining and stretching myself as far as possible on the amount I can learn and hold. I had the option to transform such a negative circumstance into a positive by utilizing it to fuel my fantasies. At the point when everything was done this horrendous mishap made a sentiment of fellowship. Our family became more tight and closer together. Presently we set up family evenings where it would either be Mexican evening meaning we make Mexican dishes or game night where we fight it out on the Wii. On certain Saturday’s we as a whole would go out to any café for the most part Chili’s and plunk down and talk about how our week was.In a sense we meet up and assess our week and now and again we eve n think back about him. It is smarter to recall the great occasions than to recollect what happened that chilly December night. His demise united our family and instructed individual to appreciate the occasions we have left on Earth since no one can tell when it is your time. The experience I picked up was the means by which to be sure about all that I do. I figured out how to be solid in the midst of incredible pain. I currently have the most extreme regard for each living thing. Likewise, his demise permitted me to perceive how significant life is and how we should benefit as much as possible from it.You in every case live like it is you a day ago and consistently be happy to help those out of luck. My dad dying gave me exercise that I want to pass onto my youngsters. Seeing my dad go would need to be the hardest thing that I at any point needed to survive. Because of God I am remaining here more grounded than any time in recent memory. Rather than blaming this I am utilizing this as fuel to engage me. This circumstance has affected me physical and mental however I won’t ever let it hold me down. In my heart I realize that my dad will never acknowledge less so I will focus on the most noteworthy pinnacle and brave it as far as possible.

Action Research in the Classroom free essay sample

The study hall is an extremely intriguing spot to begin. As an instructor, there are a ton of benefits for me since the understudies admire me as a power figure. As a matter of fact, there are times that managing understudies can turn out to be exceptionally upsetting, particularly in minutes that understudies are hard to direct and control. At the point when children become underhanded and the educator doesn't have the affectability and the persistence to manage them, it may essentially turn into a bad dream. Regardless of whether the educator has a characteristic propensity for adoring and showing kids, it can at present be a touch of challenge to instruct them.  The instructor has a significant job in the scholarly and social advancement of the children in the school. In the event that they don't acknowledge instruction, it is the obligation of the educator to teach in them the significance of training for themselves and for their future. This is impossible, be that as it may, by forcing these thoughts on them. Or maybe, what is required is a cautious perception of their ways, the things they appreciate just as the various methods of discovering that they have, the exercises they appreciate inside and outside the school. By attempted an activity examine and cautiously watching the understudies, the educator will have the option to comprehend the understudies more and utilize this comprehension in making the study hall progressively viable as far as instructing the understudies and setting them up for the future in front of them. A portion of the regions of perception would be the investigation propensities for the understudies, their social remaining in the network and how this effects their examinations, the social exercises they appreciate inside and outside the school, the job of their folks, their learning styles, and the various media that they are presented to. The perceptions introduced in this activity research might be somewhat rough, yet they might be developed as time passes by and a superior comprehension of the understudies will be shown up at. Study Habits Activity inquire about requests sharp perception aptitudes in regards to the various territories recognized by the scientist (Avison, Lau, Myers Nielsen, 1999). In watching the investigation propensities for the understudies, what I have searched for is the way that they respect the library, the media that they appreciate well and the various types of media that they are presented to. In experiencing these perceptions, I took a gander at the pace of accommodation of schoolwork by the understudies; I additionally went to the library and directed arbitrary perceptions if my understudies were there. As far as readiness of schoolwork, various understudies were not sharp in finishing their schoolwork. A bunch of them paid attention to my solicitations for them to consider and finish some schoolwork. Both respect understudies and some quiet children indicated inclination in finishing schoolwork. The individuals who didn't finish schoolwork would in general be the individuals who are perky and didn't show extraordinary worry for their examinations. My outings to the library were not extremely productive. The quantity of understudies who every now and again visit the library doesn't surpass the quantity of my fingers in a single hand. Just when I gave a task that explicitly expected them to go to the library did they go there and searched for the data I mentioned them to turn upward. Maybe this might be clarified by the expansion and the across the board utilization of the Internet among my understudies. Most data can be found in the Internet, so they may decide not to go to the physical library any longer and just sort a few words and snap on certain connections. The test is along these lines to cause understudies to understand the estimation of the library. Financial and Social Standing My understudies are dominatingly white despite the fact that there are Asians, Hispanics and Blacks mixed. The vast majority of them were either in lower white collar class and the individuals who are found in the working class fragment of the general public. All things considered, the greater part of the children didn't appreciate incredible courtesies and financial wealth. The individuals who have a place with the upper white collar class will in general have guardians who apply more prominent effect on different instructors and on the school when all is said in done. As a result of their social standings, the greater part of my understudies needed to keep low maintenance occupations to take care of for their tabs and address a portion of their issues. This likewise represents another test for the instructor. Regardless of whether they didn't missing themselves from school much of the time, on account of their work, there were times that their examination propensities were influenced. Rather than investing their energy in perusing their exercises, they need to work and procure cash. This may likewise clarify why a great deal of them couldn't get their work done. When I was in the shopping center, I experienced an understudy of mine working there and had a discussion with her. From that point onward, I chose to likewise take a gander at crafted by my understudies and take a gander at the idea of their work and how the idea of their employments influences their investigations. Really, financial circumstances influence the prosperity of the understudies. In any case, since they must choose between limited options, at that point the instructor would need to give a valiant effort to consider these real factors in the manner that they are being educated. Exercises Outside the School Understudies who have a place with higher financial status will in general appreciate additional time outside the school. They hang out at certain bistros or café where they can visit about school. I additionally solicited a few from them with respect to the exercises that they do and these children likewise watch out for sleepover at each other’s homes. Understudies who have a place with lower salary families, in any case, will in general breaking point their outside school exercises so they can gain some cash for individual and for family use. They despite everything spend time with a portion of their companions; notwithstanding, this is less regular than the understudies from higher pay families. Another action that involves the recreation time of understudies is their utilization of game consoles, for example, Playstation and Xbox. Through these holding minutes, they build up their associations with their companions. This is likewise their method of unwinding. Interfacing with the Internet and associating socially to companions. Computer games is additionally a past time that a few understudies revealed to me they do during their relaxation time. The Role of Parents I couldn't watch straightforwardly the job of the guardians in the instruction of the understudies. From my discussions with understudies, in any case, the individuals who have a place with working class and higher salary families for the most part have their folks reminding them to concentrate well and put forth a valiant effort. This thus urges the understudies to concentrate better. Sometimes, guardians guarantee prizes for their youngsters on the off chance that they perform up to a specific level. Those from lower salary families, be that as it may, don't have exceptionally reassuring guardians. Or maybe, they are required to assist in taking care of a portion of the tabs in the house. This course of action, be that as it may, doesn't appear to hose the longing of certain understudies to concentrate well. There are those, be that as it may, who will in general get disheartened with this and spotlight more on their employments than on their examinations. Suggestions for the Teacher The educator has a significant job in the improvement of the understudies; particularly along these lines, since he gets the opportunity to remain with the children longer than their folks. Watching understudies and attempting to know them all the more profoundly will help the instructor in managing the understudies. With the sheer number of understudies, be that as it may, it is hard to watch every single understudy. In any case, the instructor is called upon to set up significant relationship with understudies since at that point, the way toward educating turns out to be progressively pleasant. The educator needs to change his encouraging style contingent upon the understudies and their experiences. Their examination propensities must be seen well so the instructor will realize how to move toward them and present the exercises so that the understudies will comprehend. Not just that, when their learning style relates with the showing style of the educator, at that point they won't just adapt however they will likewise come to adore the way that the instructor educates. End Activity inquire about empowers the educator to turn into a piece of the universe of the understudies rather than basically an isolates outside power in the study hall. At the point when this is embraced, it opens up significant bits of knowledge, which can enable the instructor to improve his showing procedures and style. The teacher’s job in the life of the understudies is significant. Accordingly, it ought not be messed with. By turning out to be submerged in the life and the investigations of the understudies, the instructor turns into a companion and a guide to his understudies. Reference Avison, D., Lau, F., Myers, M. Nielsen, P. A. (1999). Activity Research. Correspondence of the

Ukrainian Culture Essays - Ukrainian Studies,

Ukrainian Culture Ukrainian Culture The most ideal approach to start to get Ukrainian culture is to audit early Ukrainian history. This will give us a decent step from which to take a gander at customary Ukrainian culture. In contrast to the Russian individuals, who slipped from northern clans plunging from Scandinavia furthermore, the far north, Ukrainian history was impacted by southern civic establishments for example, Scythians and Greeks. Attacks by the Huns and the Khazars between the third and ninth hundreds of years blended Ukrainian bloodlines in with those from all over Asia. During the tenth century, Kievan Rus was set up and the brilliant period of Ukrainian rulers was conceived. During this period, numerous significant occasions occurred, prominently; King Volodymyr the Great presented Christianity to the Ukrainian State. The locale tumbled to the Mongols Golden Crowd in the thirteenth century, and was in the long run controlled by Poland and Lithuania. This was known as the Age of the Kozaks, Ukrainian horseman that framed probably the biggest armed force of an opportunity to battle against the attacking militaries of all the more remarkable countries. These Kozaks were dynamic in their battle for autonomy well into the Russian occupation, before in the long run going under the control of Russia in the late eighteenth century. In 1918, Ukraine proclaimed its autonomy, just to be recovered in 1922 by Communists during the Bolshevik Revolution. Desolated by war and Nazi occupation during WWII, Ukraine stayed under Soviet guideline until pronouncing its opportunity in 1991. Ukrainian culture has been characterized in numerous inventive styles. Writing is seemingly the most noticeable articulation of Ukrainian culture. Ukrainian writing had been creating since the early eleventh century, when individuals of the early Kievan Rus drafted a portion of Ukraine's first works in early Church Slavonic, for example, the Hypathian Chronicles. The main chronicled epic of Ukraine, Slovo o polku Ihorevi, was composed during this period. The significant creators of this period were two priests known as Ilarion of Kiev, Cyril of Turov, and Prince Volodymyr Monomah II. The sixteenth century brought such developments as the print machine that permitted the congregation to spread data during a time of Polish occupation. Works, for example, Perestoroha and Apocrisis bound together the strict network in these extreme occasions. Ukraine encountered the Baroque time frame in the seventeenth and eighteenth hundreds of years, with the remainder of Europe. The most popular artist of the eighteenth century was Hryhory Skovoroda, frequently alluded to as the Ukrainian Socrates. The Ukrainian lingo was extraordinarily fortified during, furthermore, after, the eighteenth century when Ukrainian started to conquer Russian as the language of artistic decision. The nineteenth century achieved the Golden Period of Ukrainian writing with writers, for example, Ivan Kotlyarevski (Eneida), what's more, Hryhory Kvitka Osnovyanenko. The sentimentalism was focused in Kharkiv during the 1830's delivering progressively ?pleasant' works that were perused by both the well-to-do and the poor the same. The trio of Shashkevich, Holovatsky, and vahylevich composed the most prominent works. Taras Shevchenko, the best perceived writer of Ukrainian history, was the first to compose of the Russian mistreatment of the Ukrainian serfs in sonnets, for example, Haidamaky, which inevitably became national fortunes. Creators, for example, Marko Vovchok, and Ivan Nechuy-Levitski bolstered Ukrainian authenticity. Their works took a progressively solemn job of taking a gander at the parts of their nation around them, from the anguish of the serfdom to the Ukrainian intelligencia. Lesya Ukraina, who worked in writing, best characterized Modernism of the nineteenth and twentieth hundreds of years. Creators for example, Pavlo Tychyna, Mykhylo Symenko, and Mykola Bazhan delivered the most prominent works of their time during this period known as the ?authenticity'. After this period, Ukrainian works turned out to be increasingly more mistreated by Soviet occupation, and would in the long run end the path of extraordinary Ukrainian works. Ukrainian workmanship came to fruition in two truly striking structures. In music, the bandura; furthermore, in visual expressions, the pysanka, or, Ukrainian Easter egg. The bandura is an old instrument from the days of yore of the kozak armed forces. Banduristiv, as they were called, would meander from the various towns singing tunes about the kozak fights, and sharing the rich history of the nation at when travel was long and perilous. The pysanka is a beautified egg that dropped from agnostic occasions as a contribution of cooperative attitude and strict blessing among loved ones. The pysanky were seen as odd, also, assumed a functioning job in a people life, be it as a gift for good crops, or as a symbol of security over a families home. The pysanky are an artistic expression that is extraordinary to Ukraine in light of their legacy, applications, also, implications in Ukrainian life. The most intriguing part of pysanky is maybe the strategy wherein

The History of Nursing and the Educational Preparation of Nurses Research Paper - 1

The History of Nursing and the Educational Preparation of Nurses - Research Paper Example This announcement incited General George Washington to demand from the Continental Congress for the gracefully of a lady to oversee the bedding and â€Å"the flexibly of one medical caretaker for each ten patients. General Washington additionally mentioned that a lady is allocated to each hundred wiped out or injured (Army, 2011). Numerous ladies elected to fill in as attendants during the Civil War. Ladies filled in as attendants in both the Union and Confederate Armies. During the Civil war, Dorothea Lynde Dix was named Superintendent of Nurses for the Union powers. In the flare-up of the Spanish American War, Dr. Anita Newcombe McGee was named Supervisor in Charge of choosing the new female alumni to serve in the Armed Forces. These medical attendants were known as agreement attendants. The Army Nurse Corps was shaped on February 2, 1901, as a perpetual unit in the US Army Medical Department. These nursing openings required an elevated level of social insurance competency. In WWI, Bessie Smith was selected to General John J. Pershing to manage the nursing exercises in the Army Medical Department. Bessie S. Smith shaped the Army School of Nursing, which turned into a significant alleviation asset during the Influenza pandemic of 1918 (Army, 2011). In 1916, a standard uniform was suggested for American attendants. This suggestion originated from the American Nursing Association. These nursing garbs got emblematic of American medical caretakers. As the twentieth century proceeded, numerous medical caretakers came to be recognized by the blue uniform. Numerous American ladies were just ready to discover beneficial work as medical caretakers in the start of the twentieth century (DeChesnay and Anderson, 2007). Numerous attendants were prepared in college settings.â

College Application Process Advice - Start Your Essay Junior Year

College Application Process Advice - Start Your Essay Junior Year Why You Should Start Your College Essay Junior Year Why You Should Start Your College Essay Junior Year It feels like it’s too early to start. Should you really take time out of your schedule to start writing your college essay? Yes! In a way. We agree that it’s a little early to begin the writing process in earnest, but you can never get enough of a head start on brainstorming how you want to present yourself to admissions. What topic might best showcase your strengths, motivations and/or values in 650 words? If you don’t know (as so many of us don’t offhand!) it is time to start thinking about it. You will thank yourself when you’re getting a good nights sleep in September and all of your friends are frantically trying to balance school, activities, sports, work, a social life, and college applications. Good ideas take time to rise to the surface and meaningful essays are often best constructed over the course of a few weeks or months not in a mad dash to the finish line. Just ask Ludacris.       How much time? It depends on how many schools you’re hoping to apply to next Fall, but even if you’re only applying to a few chances are you will need to pull together some basic personal information, a transcript, multiple teacher recommendations, test scores, and yes, a college essay. In fact, you will likely need to write many college essays if you include the school-specific supplements that have become so pervasive in the past few years. Some schools require as many as five supplemental essays from students and ask question ranging from “Why this school?” to “What’s your favorite word and why?” While many of these supplements can be recycled from application to application, the sheer volume of assignments makes it highly advantageous to start the essay writing process as early as possible. We know it’s a lot! And we don’t want you to be unnecessarily overwhelmed. Which is why we have guides designed to help you choose an essay topic, YouTube videos to help you along the way, and our on-demand course, College Essay Academy to help you write your essay on your own time! As experts who are regularly up to our eyeballs in essays in the fall, trust us. At the very least, start with the personal statement required in some form for almost every school and get some topic ideas down on paper. Make a list of potential topics and free-write notes on anything that you think might make for valuable essay fodder over the next few months. Sitting down to a page full of ideas versus an empty document will make it much easier for you to dive into the writing process when you are ready. Write now, thank us later. About Kat StubingView all posts by Kat Stubing » Want more tips and tricks? Check out our YouTube Channel! WATCH OUR VIDEOS »

College Application Process Advice - Start Your Essay Junior Year

College Application Process Advice - Start Your Essay Junior Year Why You Should Start Your College Essay Junior Year Why You Should Start Your College Essay Junior Year It feels like it’s too early to start. Should you really take time out of your schedule to start writing your college essay? Yes! In a way. We agree that it’s a little early to begin the writing process in earnest, but you can never get enough of a head start on brainstorming how you want to present yourself to admissions. What topic might best showcase your strengths, motivations and/or values in 650 words? If you don’t know (as so many of us don’t offhand!) it is time to start thinking about it. You will thank yourself when you’re getting a good nights sleep in September and all of your friends are frantically trying to balance school, activities, sports, work, a social life, and college applications. Good ideas take time to rise to the surface and meaningful essays are often best constructed over the course of a few weeks or months not in a mad dash to the finish line. Just ask Ludacris.       How much time? It depends on how many schools you’re hoping to apply to next Fall, but even if you’re only applying to a few chances are you will need to pull together some basic personal information, a transcript, multiple teacher recommendations, test scores, and yes, a college essay. In fact, you will likely need to write many college essays if you include the school-specific supplements that have become so pervasive in the past few years. Some schools require as many as five supplemental essays from students and ask question ranging from “Why this school?” to “What’s your favorite word and why?” While many of these supplements can be recycled from application to application, the sheer volume of assignments makes it highly advantageous to start the essay writing process as early as possible. We know it’s a lot! And we don’t want you to be unnecessarily overwhelmed. Which is why we have guides designed to help you choose an essay topic, YouTube videos to help you along the way, and our on-demand course, College Essay Academy to help you write your essay on your own time! As experts who are regularly up to our eyeballs in essays in the fall, trust us. At the very least, start with the personal statement required in some form for almost every school and get some topic ideas down on paper. Make a list of potential topics and free-write notes on anything that you think might make for valuable essay fodder over the next few months. Sitting down to a page full of ideas versus an empty document will make it much easier for you to dive into the writing process when you are ready. Write now, thank us later. About Kat StubingView all posts by Kat Stubing » Want more tips and tricks? Check out our YouTube Channel! WATCH OUR VIDEOS »

The recent advances in Science and Technology - Free Essay Example

Recent advances in science and technology have delivered sophisticated techniques for almost all the fields for solving versatile problems of human being. One of them is the genetic modification (GM) technology, it is the process of changing genetic constitution of an organism with the help of biotechnology, the organisms produced with the help of GM technology are known as GM organism, and the foods originated from these organism are known as genetically modified food (GMF) (WHO, 2009). The fundamental reason for the application of this technology to food sector is to make desirable changes in the various food attributes as increase in test, flavor, increase in yield, and nutritional value. Currently, opinions around the world for GM foods are very skeptical (Pinstrup and Schioler, 2001). Scientists, research institutes, NGOs, agribusiness companies and food regulatory authorities have unlike impressions about GM food. The Food and Drug Administration observed no difference between GMF and conventional food (FDA, 1992). Agribusiness companies like Monsanto and Syngenta have pro-GMF argument that GM food will help to reduce the world hunger by producing ample food for the developing nations (Council for Biotechnology Information, 2001). Moreover, some researcher argues that cultivation of GM crops around the globe will reduce the pesticide application level and raise the level of environment quality (Johnson, 2002; Qaim, 2003). On the contrary, NGOs like Greenpeace argues that consumption of GM food may cause allergic reactions in human, environmental concerns, and they are suspicious about the market power of the stakeholders involved in GM technology, may be they will behave like monopolist in future (Greenpeace, 2001). Concern to the consumers, despite the expressed benefits of GM food, consumers especialy from Europian nations and Japan have expresed negative attitude towards GM food (Becker, 1999; Burtton et al., 2001; Lusk, 2005; Hall et al., 2006; Dannenberg, 2009). Consumers in developing world and US, have evaluated GM foods as similar or better than conventionally grown foods (De Steur et al, 2010; Kimenju and De Groote 2008; Ganiere et al., 2006; Nelson, 2001; Anand et al, 2007). In the global market, consumers are the final determinants of the success or failure of scientific inventions (Springer et al., 2002). Hence, an understanding of the consumer attitude towards specific scientific invention is very important to understand the future of that invention. The widely accepted theory of formation of consumer attitudes is the Fishbein Multi-attribute model (Fishbein, 1963), which suggests that consumer knowledge about a product and its v arious attributes defines consumer attitude towards the product. While consumer knowledge level depends on the various types of information, they perceive. The sources of information about GM foods are mass media, friends, scientists, and product labels. In the developed nations like US, UK, Greek, Germany, only about fifty percent of the consumers have shown awareness about GM food (Hallman et al., 2003; Batrinou et al., 2005; Moon and Balasubramanian, 2001; Dannenberg et al., 2008). While consumers knowledge level in the developing countries like China, Brazil, and India, is lower than the developing world (Curtis et al. 2004; Guivant, 2006; Anand et al. 2007). Overall, these findings suggest that consumers around the world have reported low level of knowledge about GM technology and GMFs. In the uncertain environment that most of the consumers have insufficient knowledge about GM technology, we cannot deny that the types of information received from various sources are likely to influence consumer attitude formation about GM foods and eventually willingness to pay for GMFs. In the todays competitive market, it is rational that various firms, organization and stakeholders ever passes around biased or asymmetric information about GM foods, to promote their personal interest, i.e. pro-GM food institutes will always disclose positive information about GM food and vice-versa. Therefore, this study examines the effects of different information formats on consumer willingness to pay for GM food. We have used four different information formats about GM foods: positive information, negative information, both positive and negative together, and no information. This is the first study in India, which have analyzed the effect of four types of information formats on consumer willingness to pay (WTP) for GMFs in uncertain environment. The products chosen for the analysis of effects of information formats on consumer WTP, were processed food products, the reason behind th is selection was that plenty of proceeds food products are likely or available in India, which might contain GM ingredients. Therefore, this study will be helpful for the designing of market policy concern to the processed food products, which contains GMFs traces. Food products containing GM ingredients The first GMF available for the consumers in market was GM tomato in US around 1994, though this was disappeared after very short span form the market(GMO Compass, 2010), it has started the new food domain. Since then scientists have applied GM technology for the production of most of the food items as fruits, vegetables, cereals, and animals as well, currently only few of them are cultivated on large scale, and more are a doorstep away for the commercial release (James, 2008; IRRI, 2009; IGMORIS, 2009; GMO Compass, 2010). So far, the cultivation of GM crops is limited to only 25 out of 195 nations, and soybean crop represents the highest area under cultivation (James, 2008). Though GM crops cultivation is limited to few nations only, an increasing international food trade due to the globalization will be the reason for the availability of GM foods in the non-GM growing nations. Some of the GM foods are consumed in the natural form as vegetables, fruits and cereals, while in some c ases they are processed for various regions as value addition, take few examples as maize (corn), whose one of the processed form is popcorns, fruits are processed in to the juice, jam and jelly, moreover, there are some food products as chocolate and nutrient bar, whose constitute includes different types of cereals, pulses, grains, fruits and many more. Currently an increasing supermarket culture increases the availability of processed and fast food for the consumers in developing countries, while in the developed world most of the available food in the supermarkets are in the processed form (Asfaw, A. 2009; Neven et al., 2006; MacInnis and Rausser 2005; USDA, 1995). Hence, in the supermarket processed GM food products are likely to available in the developing countries. The GM nature of food product is hardly possible to understand with only visible evaluation or even after the consumption of food; Derby and Karni (1993) describe this type of attributes of foods as credence attri bute. Therefore, due to this nature of GM foods, a label is the only possible source for the consumer to learn about this attribute of food. Currently available or in use GM food labeling policies are mandatory, voluntary and no labeling policy, which varies nation to nation and moreover in each type the protocols are very different (Gruere and Rao, 2007), further due to this great variation so far there is no universally acceptable labeling policy for GM foods. In India, recently the government has proposed mandatory labeling policy for all GM food products (Gruere and Rao, 2007), but the implementation is not yet done which is facing a delay, and the implementation is unlikely to be seen in recent future. Currently India imports plenty of food products from US as meat products, edible oils, grains, pulses (USDA-FAS, 2010). While, in the US GM crops are cultivated at very high level as compared to other nations (James, 2008). Hence, we cannot deny the presence of GM traces in th e processed food products in Indian market, which comes from US and GM crop growing nations. For the confirmation about the availability of processed food products in Indian market, which were imported from US, Prior to the final survey, we have visited supermarkets in Delhi and Bangalore. We found numbers of food products were imported from US, as potato Chips from Pringles. Some biscuits, nutrient bars contains soybean. Literature review: Effects of information formats on consumer WTP for GM foods The welfare of biotechnology in food production will understood only after the vast empirical and long-term research about the various concerns of GM foods. Still GM food has to go through plenty of food safety tests, which could take decades from now. However, stakeholders in the production of GM foods have to define the marketing policy as early as possible. Before designing marketing policy for GM foods for particular nation, policy makers have to consider the available body of literature about GM foods. Currently substantial level of research work is available on consumer acceptance and willingness to pay (WTP) for GM food products around the World. Recently Lusk et al. (2005); Hall et al., 2006; and Dannenberg 2009, conducted meta-analysis of the available studies on valuation and acceptance of GM food; they reported a great degree of variation in consumer acceptance and valuation for GM food around the world. We think one of the possible reasons behind the variation in consum er WTP for GM foods is that the consumer around the world confronts different types of information about GM foods, which builds consumers knowledge about GM foods. However, some researcher argues that understanding of any subject or the knowledge level of the particular subject does not translate in to the consumer acceptance level despite this it helps for the consumers to make decision (Frewer et al., 1999; Evans and Durant 1995). Therefore, in this section we will discuss the past studies about the influence of various information formats on consumer WTP for GMFs. Since many studies have evidenced that consumers knowledge is an important factor, which determines consumers acceptance or willingness to pay for food products (Colson and Huffman 2009; Anand et al., 2007; Gonzaacute;lez et al., 2009). Moreover, Lusk et al. (2004a) found that those consumers have good knowledge about GMFs, their willingness to accept or pay does not affect significantly by the various kinds of infor mation consumers receive about GM foods. Nevertheless, the problem with developing countries like India is that consumers have very poor knowledge about biotechnology as well as GM foods (Krishan and Qaim, 2008; Anand et al., 2007). Hence, we believe that in developing countries like India the type of information formats consumers perceive about GMFs will influence consumers WTP for GMFs. Concern to GM foods, to our knowledge, Frewer et al. (1999) were the first to start research about the information aspect of GM foods, they found that the information source characteristics as trustworthiness of source is an important factor influencing consumers reaction to the type of information. Fox et al. (2002), conducted a study in US, in this study they used three information treatments: positive information about irradiation of pork, second negative information about irradiation of pork, third both positive and negative information together. They used Vickrey second price auction mec hanism for estimation of consumer WTP. They found that positive information increased consumer WTP for irradiated pork, negative information decreased WTP, while with combined information, the influence of negative information dominated the influence of positive information and eventually the WTP decreased. Further they suggests that negative arguments raised about the modern technologies as irradiation of foods, use of GM technology strongly influences consumers perception and eventually the welfare of new technology, despite the presence of positive information. Tegene et al., 2003; Huffman et al., 2006; and Rousa et al. (2007) conducted nth price experimetal auctions in 2001 in US. They have analysized the influnce of different informaion formats on consumer WTP for GM and non-GM labeled three food products: vgetable oil, potato, and tortila chips. They uses 6 informaiton formats about GM foods: positive, negative, both positive and negative togather, positive plus third party verifiable information (views of scientist, professionals and religious leaders), negative plus third party verifiable information, positive and negative plus third party verifiable information. They found that when consumers were recived positve information about GM foods they bid higher for two out of three GM labeld foods than plane labeld, for negative information consumer purchased GM labeld foods at 34-38% discount, for both negative and positve information consumer bid more for plane labeld foods. when negative and third party verifiable informaiton was given consumers purchsed GM foods at 17-22% discount. When consumers were endowed with positive information they bid more for GM foods than plane labeld foods, when consumers were endowed with positve and third pary verifiable informaton they bid more for plane labeled foods than GM foods. when consumers were endowed with all imnformaiton togather they bid more for two plane labeld foods than GM foods. for the all sample toga ther they found that consumers were WTP pay around 14% price premium for plane labeld foods than GM foods. finallly they argues that verifiable third party information have a strong influnce on consumers WTP for GM foods, which is likely to help acceptance of GM foods. and also they argue that consumers with prior knowledge about GM foods demands more discount to buy GM foods than those with weak GM knowledge. About the benefit of GM foods Lusk et al. (2004a) conducted a study for US, England and France sample. They employed a fifth price auction machansim for estimation of WTP for GM cookies. Four information treatments were employed; envirnomental benefit, health benefit, world benefit and no informaiton. They found that all these beneficial information formats increases consumer WTP for GM foods, but the degree of influnce varies according to the ifnformation formats and across the locations, they also found that consumers prior attitude is important, as they found that those consumers have prior negative attitude about GM foods, their attitude after receving of positive information formats was not changed, moreover they also found that the influnce of specific information formats varies across the location, which suggests that uniform information formats generates different responses among the consumers. Li et al.(2004) employed as double bounded contingent valuation method for the estimation of US consumers response to GM beef which have no genetic problems; the beef derived from the cattle which was feed on GM maize, which have farmer and envirnoment benefits. This information was provided to half of the respondents. They found that those consumers were percived this information were WTP more for GM beef. Frther they argue that pro-GM infromation about GM foods may help to increase consumer WTP for GM foods. Martinez-poveda et al. (2005; 2009) conducted a study for Spain consumers about consumers willingness to accept GM foods. in this study the y found that around 60% of the consumers look for the information on food products. further they found that most of the consumers prior attitude does not change by positive and negative information togather, for very few consumers it changes but only in negative direction, which suggests that consumers put more weight on ngeative than positve information when consumers recive them togather. Moreovere thay also found that healt benefit information have higher positive influnce on acceptance of GM foods than envirnomental benefits. Li et al. (2002) conducted a study in china for the analysis of Chines consumers WTP for GM rice and soybean oil. They found that most of the consumers have positve opinion about biotechnology and which have positve influnce on WTP for GM foods, consumers positive opinion towards biotechnology was due to the positive media coverage about use of GM technology in agriculture sectore. While in other study in China Hu et al. (2006), analyzed consumer WTP for GM soybean, they used three information formats positive and negative and no information formats derived from the real media coverage, they found that positive information increases WTP, and negative information decreases WTP with a very high degree as compared with the influence of positive information. Scholderer and Frewer (2003) used four information formats: Balanced information, product-specific information, conventional product advertising information and no information as a baseline. They tested whether consumers attitude and product selection changes due to the different types of information consumers received. They used four types of two-food products beer and yoghurt including one type as a GM, the sample used was from Denmark, Germany, Italy, and the United Kingdom. They found that all the information formats failed to alter consumers prior attitude. While, all the information formats influenced consumers GM food product selection negatively; the information formats significantly decreased consumers likelihood to select GM foods. Depositario et.al (2009) conducted uniform-price auctions for golden rice in Philippines for student sample. They used four information formats, positive negative, both together and no information. They found that consumer placed highest bid for positive information followed by no information, negative information and combine information. While the difference between the influence of positive information and no information was not high, hence they suggest that positive information about GM foods does not increase WTP with very high degree. The avilable literature about the effects of different information formats on consumer WTP for GM foods is lacking on developing countries. Concern to India, so far only one study is avialble by Anand et al. (2007); they analysed the effect of four information formats: consumer friendly, producer friendly, negative infromation and no information on consumer WTP for chapatti (in dian bread) made from GM wheat. For estimation of consumer WTP they employed double bounded contingent valuaiton method. They found that consumers with no information were willing to pay about 7% price premium, for consumer friendly information 23% premium and for producer friendly information 10% premium, while for negative information consumer demanded high discount of 139%. endowment effect Further, we are also interested to see how an influence of information formats on consumer WTP for GM foods varies according to the consumers disposable income for buying specific food product. For this, we will endow consumers with different amount for biding during the auction experiment. Use of endowment mechanism raises various questions. So far in several studies researchers have endowed consumers with the food products and then asked their WTP to upgrade the better products (see e.g., Lusk et al., 2004; Lusk et al., (2001b) Fox, 1995; Hayes et al., 1995). The advantage of the endowment mechanism is that it helps to attract participants for experiment and engage consumers during the biding process in experiment (Fox, 1995; Lusk et al., 2001a). While, the critics about the endowment with product is associated with the risk of in-kind endowment effect, which means that consumers value the food product which is belong to them than they want to buy (Thaler 1980), hence endowing fo od product likely to give biased results. The possible biasness is likely to avoid by endowing consumers with some amount of money instead of any food products (Lusk and Schroeder, (2002), Corrigan and Rousu, 2003). Concern to GM foods, Huffman et al. (2004); Rousu et al., (2005); and Bansal et al. (2010), endowed consumers with certain amount of money prior to experiment instead of any substitute as non-GM food products. Moreover, endowment with money likely to face house money effect as described by Thaler and Johnson (1990). According to them consumers are likely to bid high when they receive money for biding in auctions, which will lead to biased results. This biasness will not rise in our experiment because we are going to conduct experimental auctions for both GM and non-GM food products one after another. In our experiment if the house money effect arises, it will arise for both the food products and eventually it will nullify because for final discussion we will compare the difference in WTP between both the products. The literature reports that most of the past studies have employed experimental auctions and contingent valuation method to measure the effects of information on consumer attitude. The information formats used were positive information (positive health, positive environment, produce friendly, consumer friendly), negative information (negative health and negative environment), and third party verifiable information about GM foods. Though there is a huge difference in the findings of the past studies, there are some common findings. When consumer receives negative information, they demanded certain amount of discount to choose GM foods. For positive information, consumers were willing to pay a premium. The health information has higher influence than the environmental. Overall, negative information have influence with high magnitude as compared with all other information formats. In developing countries like India and China consumers wer e willing to pay premium for GM foods when no information and positive information was provided but when negative information was provided, consumer demanded very high discount to consume GM food. The huge success of GM cotton in India: around 8.5 million hectares area is under Bt cotton cultivation (Clive, 2009), from this we can not deny the availability of GM foods in Indian market in coming years. In a recent study (Anand et al. 2007) for Indian consumers, they have analyzed the effects of various information formats on consumers WTP for GM chapatti. In this study, they have analyzed the influence of positive and negative information, while combine (positive and negative) information format was not included. Therefore, we extend this study with inclusion of combine information format. Consumers needs few rounds of auctions to understand the concept †¦so we have conducted 1 pre experiment round†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦..Shogren et al., 1994 Hayes et al. 1995). For endowment effect see Kahneman et al., 1990†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. Lusk et al., 2004 While writing about training prior to the exper REF†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ methodology para 2 †¦ Noussair, C., S. Robin, and B. Rufiiew Methodology Valuation methods: The most difficult and important task while analysis of consumer valuation of the nonmarket good is the selection of an appropriate valuation mechanism. The available methods for the estimation of consumer WTP for any object or product are experimental auctions (EA), contingent valuation (CV), conjoint analysis (CA), hedonic price, and recently emerged real purchase experiments. To our knowledge most of these methods are commonly used in the past studies for the valuation of novel food products and food attributes except hedonic price; for detail description of these methods (see e.g., Lusk and Hudson, 2004; Lee and Hatcher, 2001; Powell et al., 2003; Glogger, 2009; Knight et al., 2005 and 2007). Every valuation method have its pros and cons. Lee and Hatcher (2001) argue that the CV methods are the most commonly used and cost effective techniques, while Lusk and Hudson (2004), and Fox et al. (1995) argue that experimental auctions are always better than the hypothetical estimation methods because in these methods consumer experiences market identical situation and the exchange of real goods and money took place, moreover, Lusk et al. (2005); Hall et al., 2006; and Dannenberg (2009) in the meta analysis of the GM food valuation studies available then found that consumers overstate WTP in hypothetical methods than non-hypothetical. Though the experimental auction mechanisms are costly, they deliver a precise WTP, hence are getting more popularity (Lee and Hatcher, 2001). While recent argument is that the real purchase experiments, in which consumers are offered novel food products at different selling locations as food stalls on the roadsides and selling counters on a farm, provides accurate WTP for the novel food products than any other methods (Powell et al., 2003; Glogger, 2009; Knight et al. 2005 and 2007). Despite the benefit of real purchase experiment, we were unable to use this method because of the on going discussion about legal and controversial issu es of GM foods in India, which has caused strong protest against GM foods by NGOs and farmers associations (Scoones; Greenpeace, 2008). Therefore, we have selected experimental auction mechanism to estimate consumer WTP for processed GM food products, and for the analysis of how different information formats affect consumer WTP. The available literature concern to the experimental auctions reports use of various mechanisms as: English, nth price, Vickrey auction, ascending-bid second price, first price, fifth price, BDM auctions and combinatorial private-collective auctions, Dutch auction, Vickrey-Clarke-Groves (VCG) auction. For the detail description of these methods (see e.g., Lusk et al., 2004; Lusk et al., 2001a; Lusk et al., 2001b; Melton et al.; Rutstrouml;m; Shogren et al., 1994; Makowski and Ostroy, 1990; Vickrey, 1961; Clarke, 1971; Groves, 1973). Moreover, there are some popular mechanisms like eBay proxy auction, Google Ad Auction and online auctions, which are in pri nciple based on the earlier motioned mechanisms. The criteria for the selection of a valuation method should be the incentive compatibility of the valuation mechanism (Lusk and Hudson, 2004). Therefore, according to this criterion the BDM, nth price, English, and Vickrey auctions are non-hypothetical incentive compatible methods (Lusk et al., 2004; Lusk, 2003). Moreover, for the structure, advantages and disadvantages of these methods see: Lusk et al., (2004) and Lusk, (2003). From these four incentive compatible popular auction mechanisms, we have selected Vickrey second price auction. We will discuss this method in detail in next section. The reasons behind the selection of this method were simple to understand for the consumers, demand revealing, and easy for the implementation (Alfnes 2007; Lusk, 2003), moreover, this method provides truthful willingness to pay and is incentive compatible (Vickrey 1961; McAfee and McMillan 1987; Karni and Safra 1989). Further, our main objective was to understand the effect of different information formats on consumer WTP, not an estimation of consumer WTP; hence, the selection of valuation mechanism was not big concern. The past findings report that the estimations are higher in second price auctions than the other methods (Lusk et al., 2004). To avoid this problem we have valued both GM and non-GM foods alternatively. By doing this we expect that if Vickrey second price auction method reports higher WTP, it will report higher WTP for both the food products, hence the difference in WTP between both the products will be truthful and not very high as argued by Lusk et al. (2004). Vickrey second price auction mechanism Most of the economist believes that William Vickrey was the first who invented second price auction (Milgrom, 1989; McAfee and McMillan, 1987), which got the name of Vickrey after his article on this method in 1961, in which he provided a description about the efficiency and applicability of this method (Vickrey, 1961). Recently, Lucking-Reiley (2000) published a article in which he have described about the history of second price auction, where he motioned that the theoretical proof, efficiency and the description provided by Vickery(1961) is of great degree, but the credit as the inventor of this method should not goes to him. He gave a reason that this method has been in use since 1893, Wainwright and Lewis were the first who employed this method for auctions of Stamps in Massachusetts, US (Wainwright and Lewis, 1993). Despite the argument by Lucking-Reiley about the invention, presently this method is in use as Vickrey auction. Currently, various forms of Vickery auctions are i n use as ascending price Vickery auction (Mishra and Parkes, 2007; Cramton, 1998), Vickery auctions with reserve pricing (Ausubel and Cramton, 2004), Ausubel/dynamic Vickery auction (Ausubel, 1997; Kagel and Levin, 2001). Here we will discuss only about Vickery second price auction mechanism. The experimental procedure is quiet simple for Vickrey auction. The research agent calls all the participants in an experimental hall or at any place where the participants feel comfortable and where the carrying out of the experiment is possible without any disturbance. The agent informs the participants about the experimental procedure before the beginning of the real experiment, sometimes conducts dummy trials for other products prior to real experiments. In this method, All the participants are asked to bid simultaneously for the given good and submit their bids in sealed form to the agent, communication between all the participants is not possible while bidding, so that no one will be a ware about the others bid, which will avoid formation of a collusion among the bidders. Then, the agent collects all the sealed bids, organizes them in to a descending order, and declares the winner who offers highest bid. While the highest bidder pay the amount equal to the second highest bid and get the product. The other participants did not get the product and pay nothing. Use of Vickrey auctions in pasts According to literature, as argued by Lucking-Reiley (2000) Wainwright and Lewis were the first to use Vickery auctions for Stamps in US around 1893. While after the Vickreys famous article in 1961, the use was begun generally for financial purposes as evidences show that around 1973-74 this method was used for the sales of the Treasury bonds in US (Rothkopf, 1990). While, around 1988 some companies used it for repurchase of their own stocks from the market (Jacobs, 1988). Moreover, the use in other fields as sales of spectrum licenses in New Zeeland begun around 1990 (McMillan, 1994). Concern to food sector, as per our knowledge the use of second price auction for valuation of food products (as safe meal, irradiated food, beef cuts in vacuum package, candy bars, coffee mugs, wine), food packaging, food quality and for food safety issues started after 1980. For detail, see (Coursey et al., 1987; Menkhaus et al., 1992; Shin et al., 1992; Buhr et al., 1993; Hoffman et al., 1993; Shog ren et al. 1994; Shogren et al., 1994a; Hayes et al., 1995; Melton et al., 1996; Roosen et al., 1998; Lecocq et al., 1999; List and Shogren, 1999). Currently, second price auction mechanism is popularly for the valuation of quality or novel food products, sales of electronic goods, digital goods as e-books, music, sales of spectrum (Alfnes , 2009; Alfnes and Rickertsen, 2003; Umberger and Feuz, 2004; Rozan et al., 2004; Chen and Takeuchi, 2009; Naldi  and DAcquisto, 2008; Shih et al., 2007; Rodriguez et al., 2006; Anandalingam, 2001). Use of GM technology in food sector started around 1990 (WHO, 2010), since then research about consumer acceptance and valuation of GM foods begun, different valuation methods as contingent valuation, choice experiments, online survey, phone interview and experiential auctions were employed (Dannenberg, 2009; Hall et al., 2006; Lusk et al., 2005). As per our knowledge, Hoban and Burkhardt (1991) were the first to conduct a study in 1990 about cons umer acceptance of GM meat products. While, in 1992, Buhr et al. (1993) employed Vickery auction mechanism for first time for the valuation of meat produced with the help of GM growth hormones in US. Since then plenty of studies have employed Vickrey auction mechanisms for valuation of GM foods: GM corn flakes in France (Noussair et al., 2002), GM corn chips in US (Lusk et al.,2001), GM milk in US (Fox et al., 1994), GM Potato chips, tortilla chips, and milk chocolate in US (Bernard et al., 2006) and GM Canola oil in Japan (Kaneko and Chern, 2005). Concern to the effect of information on consumer WTP for GM foods few studies have employed second price auction mechanism.(need to put some refrances) The surprising results were found in Brtian, that different types of information have no influnce on consumer attitude towards GM foods Frewer et al. (1999). Experimental design As we have discussed in last section, we have used Vickrey second price auction mechanism for the analysis of consumer WTP. Our prime object is not to analyze consumer WTP, rather how the different information formats influences consumer WTP. In experimental auctions real buying and sealing of food products is must. The selection of food products was really a big task because currently labeled GM food products are unavailable in India. While plenty of food products are available in Indian market, which comes from USA. Currently USA ranks first in cultivation of GM crops (James, 2009), hence we can not deny the presence of GM ingredients in some processed food products imported form USA, as nutrient or chocolate bar whose ingredients are soybean. Prior to the experiment auction, we visited different supermarkets in Delhi and Bangalore, where we found plenty of processed food products imported from USA. We have selected two food products soya-chocolate bar and potato chips. The reaso n behind the selection of these two food products was that students (our target sample) are regular buyers of these two food products; hence, they are much familiar with these foods. We have purchased these food products from the market and then repacked, and then we labeled them as GM and non-GM soya-chocolate bar and potato chips, we did this to avoid brand biasness. The labels contain only information about GM nature of food. The chocolate bar was 50 gram and potato chips packet was 138 gram. For the details about the sample selection and other issues about the data collection, see chapter 2.3. Since our target sample was university students. We have conducted experimental auctions at two universities in India: Jawaharlal Nehru University, Delhi and Bangalore University, Bangalore. The auctions locations were as university campus at different locations as university cafeteria, student hostels, and near to different institutes. The numbers of participants in each auction were a round 6 9. For details about the experimental procedure, please see the figure 4.1. As shown in the figure each experimental auction consists of 1-9 steps.